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Psychology
chapter 5 TEST
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| according to the book+ notes- what is learning? | relatively permanent change in one's behavior due to experience |
| the 1st experimentmal studies of associative learning aka classical conditioning, were conducted by...? | Ivan Pavlov -dog digestion + salivation |
| john b watson- father of what school of thought/ perspective? | behaviorism -all behaviors are acquired through environmental conditioning |
| in pavlov's experiments the dog's salivation triggered by the taste of the food was a(n)..? | ucr |
| in pavlov's experiments, the dog's salivating/response to the bell was the...? | cs |
| a child's fear @ the sight of a hypodermic needle is what kind of repsonse..? | cr |
| if a tone causes a dog to salivate b/c it has regularly been associated w/ the presentation of food, the tone is called a (n)...? | ns |
| in pavlov's classical conditioning experiment with his dogs, the ____ signal the impeding occurence of the________. | bell, food |
| what did john b watson believe about human character development? | behaviorism: all behaviors are acquired through environmental conditioning -"dozen healthy infants" quote, could control babies through learning -manufacturing a phobia |
| spontaneous recovery refers to...? | reappearance of an extinguished response AFTER a certain time |
| extinction occurs when a _______ is no longer paired with a _____? | cs, cr |
| toddlers taught to fear speeding cars may also begin to fear speeding trucks +motorcycles. this best illustrates..? | generalization |
| john b watson's study of little albert demonstrated what? | phobias are learned -"manufactured" |
| after learning to fear a white rat, little albert responded with fear to the sight of a rabbit. this best illustrates the process of...? | classical conditioning -generalization: scared of all things white + fluffy |
| B.F. Skinner's work elaborated on what E.L. Thorndike had called...? | operant conditioning -responses controlled by consequences |
| skinner box- describe...? | chamber in which a rat would be "shaped"/ "trained" to do a certain behavior... press lever for food -operant chamber |
| you would be most likely to use operant conditioning to teach a dog to do..? | tricks -treats as reward |
| successive approximations-describe +recognize examples...? | breaks down complex goal - involves reinforcing (rewarding) each incremental step that brings a person or animal closer to a final desired behavior. Each new approximation must more closely resemble the target behavior, fostering gradual acquisition. |
| shaping-describe + recognize examples of...? | reinforcement of closer+closer approximation of the desired response -hot cold game |
| an event that increases the frequency of the behavior that it follows is a (n)...? | positive punishment |
| a fixed ratio schedule | reinforcer is given after a FIXED # of non-reinforced responses -ex: class of students rewarded if they turn in their hw on time, 5 consecutive times |
| a child's fear @ the sight of a hypodermic needle is what kind of repsonse..? | conditioned response. -learned through classical conditioning, where the child associates the neutral stimulus (see needle) with unconditioned stimulus (pain of an injection), turning the sight of the needle into a conditioned stimulus that triggers fear |
| if a tone causes a dog to salivate b/c it has regularly been associated w/ the presentation of food, the tone is called a (n)...? | neutral stimulus |
| in pavlov's classical conditioning experiment with his dogs, the ____ signal the impeding occurence of the________. | bell, food |
| what did john b watson believe about human character development? | behaviorism: people learn from experiences |
| spontaneous recovery refers to...? | reappearance of an extinguished response AFTER a certain time |
| extinction occurs when a _______ is no longer paired with a _____? | cs, cr |
| toddlers taught to fear speeding cars may also begin to fear speeding trucks +motorcycles. this best illustrates..? | generalization |
| john b watson's study of little albert demonstrated what? | phobias are learned/ "manufactured" |
| you would be most likely to use operant conditioning to teach a dog to do..? | tricks -treats reward |
| successive approximations-describe +recognize examples...? | "shaping" in -teaching new, complex behaviors by reinforcing gradual steps that look increasingly like the final target behavior. breaking down a skill into manageable stages, rewarding each improvement, and withholding reinforcement forsimpler steps. |
| a fixed interval schedule is what--describe + recognize examples...? | reinforcement is given for the 1st response that occurs after a FIXED interval has elasped -ex; fishing |
| a varied interval schedule is what--describe + recognize examples...? | reinforcer is given for the 1st response after a variable TIME interval has elasped -quiet students rewarded after class |
| an aversive consequence that decreases the recurrence of the behavior that precedes it is a (n)..? | negative punishment |
| for purposes of effective child-rearing, most psychologists favor the use of punishments or reinforces to increase behavior + or deal w/ bad behavior? | reinforcement to increase good behavior |
| IF psychologists don't like the use of physical punishment, what are their reasons? | -can be inconsistent -explain reasons after punishment -abusive -cause resentment |
| cognitive map- describe + recognize examples of..? | EC Tollman -mental representation/ picture of physical environment due to learning (latent learning) |
| the desire to perform a behavior due to promised rewards or threats of punishment involves? | desire to perform a behavior due to promised rewards or threats of punishment - driven by external factors—such as money, grades, or avoiding penalties—rather than internal satisfaction or enjoyment. |
| according to B.F. Skinner, human behavior is controlled primarily by what...? | external influences, specifically environmental factors and the consequences of actions. -operant conditioning, Skinner argued that behaviors are shaped by rewards (reinforcement) and punishments, rather than internal thoughts or emotions |
| in a well-known experiment, preschool children pounded + kicked a large inflated Bobo Doll that an adult had just beaten up. This experiment served to illustrate the importance of? | observational learning -also latent learning |
| UCS | -unconditioned stimulus: stimulus that NATURALLY evokes a response w/o previous conditioning |
| UCR | unconditioned response: unlearned response to stim (w/o previous conditioning) |
| CS | conditioned stim: neutral stim that has, through conditioning, acquired the capacity to evoke a conditioned response |
| CR | conditioned response: learned response to a conditioned stim that occurs b/c of the association that has been made btw 2 stimuli |
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