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Practice 20-22
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| A common age-related change in kidneys is that they: | Become slower at removing nitrogenous wastes and toxins |
| About what percentage of kidney stones pass on their own (as stated)? | About 60% |
| Active Na+ transport in renal tubules is important because it: | Provides the gradient that drives reabsorption of many nutrients and water |
| Active transport in the renal tubules: | Moves substances against gradients and requires ATP |
| ADH increases: | Water reabsorption |
| Adult kidneys are typically about ____ long. | 12 cm |
| After the renal pelvis, urine flows into the: | ureter |
| Age-related decreases in vitamin D activation can contribute to: | Reduced calcium absorption |
| Aldosterone primarily stimulates: | Na+ reabsorption (and K+ secretion) in distal tubule/collecting duct |
| Angiotensin II can stimulate which responses? | Increased aldosterone secretion, Increased thirst, Vasoconstriction, Increased ADH secretion |
| Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) converts angiotensin I to: | Angiotensin II |
| ANP/BNP primarily increase excretion of: | Sodium and water |
| Approximately what percentage of Na+ and water are reabsorbed before urine is excreted? | 97% to 99% |
| Arcuate (arciform) arteries: | Branch from interlobar arteries and arch around renal pyramids |
| As the bladder, ureters, and urethra lose elasticity with age, bladder capacity often: | Decreases |
| Autoregulation helps keep GFR: | Relatively constant |
| Average adult glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is approximately: | 125 mL/min |
| Beeturia refers to: | Pink urine after eating beets (a benign genetic variation) |
| Blood exits the glomerulus via the: | 60 |
| By about age 75, GFR may decrease to about: | Half of young adult values |
| By about age 80, the kidneys may have lost approximately: | One-third of their mass |
| Cardiac natriuretic peptides (ANP/BNP) are released in response to: | Increased blood volume and pressure |
| Changing the diameter of the afferent or efferent arteriole can: | Change net filtration pressure and GFR |
| Chronic glomerulonephritis is characterized by: | Progressive inflammation and nephron damage with fibrous tissue replacing glomerular membranes |
| Collecting ducts drain through the renal papilla into a: | Minor calyx |
| Cortical nephrons are characterized by: | Short nephron loops and corpuscles near the kidney surface |
| Cortical nephrons make up approximately: | 85% |
| Creatinine clearance is commonly used because creatinine is: | Filtered but not significantly reabsorbed or secreted, helping estimate GFR |
| End-stage renal disease (ESRD) may be treated with: | Hemodialysis or kidney transplant |
| Excess uric acid may cause: | Gout due to uric acid crystal deposition in joints |
| Extensions of cortex that dip into the medulla are called: | Renal columns |
| Filtered uric acid is: | Completely reabsorbed by active transport (then some is secreted so ~10% is excreted) |
| Filtrate flows from the glomerular capsule to the: | Proximal tubule |
| Filtration occurs as long as NFP is: | Positive |
| Glomerular capillaries are highly permeable because they contain: | Fenestrae (tiny openings) |
| Glomerulonephritis is inflammation of the: | Glomeruli |
| Hemodialysis and continuous peritoneal dialysis are used primarily to: | Filter wastes from the blood when kidneys fail |
| If a substance reaches its transport maximum (Tm) in the proximal tubule, you would expect: | The substance to begin appearing in urine (spillover) |
| If GFR is 125 mL/min, approximately how many liters of filtrate are produced per day? | 180 L/day |
| In AGN, antigen-antibody complexes primarily: | Deposit in and block glomeruli |
| A condition of acidemia is termed: | Acidosis |
| A condition of alkalemia is termed: | Alkalosis |
| A decrease in plasma calcium level stimulates secretion of: | Parathyroid hormone (PTH) |
| A drop in plasma calcium concentration would most directly stimulate secretion of: | Parathyroid hormone |
| A high plasma potassium concentration stimulates secretion of: | Aldosterone |
| A high-protein diet can increase acid load because amino acid breakdown produces: | Phosphoric and sulfuric acids |
| A high-protein diet can increase acidity because breakdown of some amino acids produces: | Sulfuric and phosphoric acids |
| A key effect of hyponatremia described is: | Hypotonic ECF and water uptake by cells by osmosis |
| A listed cause of metabolic acidosis is: | Kidney disease with decreased ability to excrete acids |
| A listed cause of respiratory acidosis is: | Obstruction of air passages |
| A lower pH indicates a solution is more: | Acidic |
| A patient drinks a large volume of water rapidly. Which immediate hormonal change would promote excretion of the excess water? | ADH secretion decreases |
| A patient has kidney disease with decreased ability to excrete acids. This is most consistent with: | Metabolic acidosis |
| A patient has prolonged vomiting with loss of gastric acid. This is most consistent with: | Metabolic alkalosis |
| A patient hyperventilates from anxiety and blows off CO2. This is most consistent with: | Respiratory alkalosis |
| A patient with metabolic acidosis needs immediate stabilization of pH. Which system provides the most immediate buffering? | Chemical buffer systems |
| A rise in plasma potassium concentration would most directly stimulate secretion of: | Aldosterone |
| A strong acid is defined as an acid that: | Ionizes more completely and releases more H+ |
| A strong base is defined as a base that ionizes more completely and releases more: | OH?2- (or other negative ions that combine with H+) |
| A weak acid ionizes ____ and releases ____ hydrogen ions. | Less completely; fewer |
| Acid-base balance involves regulation of the concentration of: | Hydrogen ions (H+) |
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