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HUM 1 Final
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| The Patriarchs | father/chief ruler of a family - the forefathers of the ancient Israelites Genesis Abraham and his family are chosen by God - why them? |
| Exempla | short, illustrative tales used to instruct the audience on a moral lesson or to illustrate a specific point Genesis shows the audience that they have the ability/the moral responsibility to grow |
| Aetiology | the study of causes, origins, or reasons behind the way that things are Genesis How did we get here from that ideallic existence? |
| Homophrosyne | like-minded The Odyssey - Penelope's descriptions parallels to Odysseus - pushes us to a certain interpretation of her that emphasizes loyalty - receives just as much credit as Odysseus |
| Nostos | homecoming - 2 steps: getting there/belonging there The Odyssey Odysseus returns home but still needs to belong - a stranger in his own home/emphasizes the journey's impact on him |
| Katabasis | descent into the underworld The Odyssey We are able to see the regrets of those who have died - it is a place to reflect - where your perspective changes |
| The Apologos | the tale Odysseus tells the people in Scheria The Odyssey has to do with xenia - shows them to treat him with hospitality and allows us as readers to understand the rules |
| Kleos | fame/glory/reputation you have learned that will live on after you The Odyssey passed on generationally - Telemachus has to live up to his father's name - pressure - how do you achieve fame? |
| Fiat Lux | Let there be light UCSD motto - from bible You learned something from the course that affects your life as well as others |
| Gadfly | what Socrates calls himself - sent to prod his great and noble city that is sluggish and needs to be awakened The Apology Athenian society stuck in old ways - Socrates trying to start something that gets them to move forward/move from status quo |
| Covenant | a formal agreement between unequal parties bound through symbolic action and mutual responsibility (contract) Genesis If you break it, there's consequences - symbolic marker that connects us to a community |
| Mycenaeans | the first Greek speaking peoples of the Mediterranean and the historical subjects of Homer's work The Odyssey presents more nuanced idea of this civilization - was it better or worse than present society |
| Empathy | understanding something from another person's point of view/perspective Getting into the bible The bible is very popular and we need to read it with an open mind and a fresh set of eyes |
| Epic Poetry | a continuous narrative poem that tells the acts of one or more heroic persons to explore the cultural values of their communities The Odyssey allows you to explore the cultural values of communities |
| Genesis | origin or birth - first book of the Hebrew Bible Genesis Shows how early humans were like, why they are how they are/what it means to be a human - all of us interconnected - where do we fall? |
| Tower of Babel | an explanation for why we are different/scattered across the world - why are we different at all? Genesis makes distinction between God and mortals - we have ability to be godlike when we're united together - unified existence is a problem for God |
| Adam and Eve | the first two people created by God Genesis even the first two "ideallic" humans were not perfect - humans are fundamentally imperfect - to be human is to be imperfect - what does it mean to be wicked? |
| Tanakh | the Hebrew Bible - sacred writing of the ancient Israelites Exodus Corresponds with Old Testament - presents idea of something after - we need to read w/ mindset that there's only one testament |
| The Lord of Lies | said before Odysseus tells Arete who he is The Odyssey presents the question of reasons to lie - unreliable narrator - self-centered and makes audience skeptical |
| Xenia | hospitality/how you treat strangers/guests - relationship between guest and host The Odyssey shows how good of a person someone is |
| Telemachy | the first four books of Homer's The Odyssey The Odyssey Telemachus has his own journey to figure himself out - sets up expectation of what a man should be/what a healthy household or society should be |
| Polytropos | complicated The Odyssey Odysseus has faults as well as heroic traits - not perfect - presents a nuanced understanding of him |
| Exodus | way out or departure Exodus audience gets to look at the formation of the community and follow that community - shows how they form a collective understanding of themselves |
| Moses | the hero/protagonist of Exodus Exodus marginal characters bring extraordinary things - supposed to be drowned at birth - doomed but saved |
| Passover | a festival described in Exodus that commemorates the liberation of the Israelites from Egypt Exodus God marks them like they are his - establishes community |
| The Wilderness | an uncultivated, uninhabited, inhospitable region Exodus Test of faith - no visible suggestion things will get better - have to rely on god's words/promise alone - in absence, we are helpless/formless |
| Mosaic Law | body of laws and instructions delivered by God to the Israelites by Moses as part of their covenant Exodus relationship with God/the laws distinguish them from other people - psychological (intentions) shape this community |
| Book of Judges | tribal, decentralized, fighting the people around them in the land of Cain - intermedial period where the Israelites are this kind of society Exodus a pattern develops - don't follow rules, suffer, cry for help, God raises up a judge |
| The Song of Hannah | a song to praise God for good fortune with prophetic and messianic significance - after she gives birth after being barren Exodus humble people are going to be great - teaches us the strength that God has over human beings (upholding covenant) |
| "A King to Govern Us" | the Israelites decision to have a king rule over them to take pressure off of them as community members Exodus Need something physical/concrete to look at - weakening sense of identity - reject God from being king by asking for another |
| King Saul | a tragic character - the first person replacing God as king - a position doomed to fail - first king of Israel, anointed by Samuel 1/2 Samuel kingship is inherently doomed - you can't replace God |
| King David | the next anointed king after Saul 1/2 Samuel internal vs. external characteristics - God takes no account of outside characteristics - someone better internally than Saul - kingship is inherently flawed and community suffers bc of it |
| The Davidic Covenant | contract between David and God (higher and lower power) 1/2 Samuel God convinced in kingship - you and your descendants will be king - won't abandon kingship |
| "Other" | an image that we construct of peoples who we deem to be distinct from ourselves - the other is "them" The Persians image we make can be inaccurate, full of stereotypes - can mistakenly understand people different from ourselves - self-critique society |
| Barbarians | originally means non-Greek speaker - the term the Greeks used for this political, cultural, moral otherness - lawless, crass The Persians demonstrates a divide - world split in 2 (us vs them) - all others are inferior |
| Oppositional Identity | defining oneself in one's community, not by who we are, but how we differ from others The Persians what makes you who you are? - know who you are because you know who you are not - notice differences between yourself and other individuals |
| Persian Wars | probably most significant for idea of shared identity in contrast to barbarian other - fighting for collective freedom Greeks vs. barbarians The Persians recognizing similarities in contrast to others - our values defeated their values |
| Yoke | subdue, take under your control - symbol of domination/subordination The Persians this is a society of servitude, domination and subordination - beastly others |
| Queen Atossa | wife of Darius, mother of Xerxes - a manifestation of barbarian and female The Persians ultimate other - dominates first half of text - reading her as a mother allows audience to understand her feelings/actions - more value as human being/relatable |
| "Remember Greece and Athens!" | the author speaking to audience - remember this story/what you've seen here The Persians he can learn from his mistakes - don't be like Xerxes (you in the audience) |
| Medea | both barbarian and woman Medea audience full of Greek men with their ideals against barbarian women - stereotypes/different impressions - she is the ultimate other |
| Women of Corinth | speech to an audience that are sympathetic to her Medea audience feels pity/sympathy for Medea by this idea of universal suffering - is our compassion being used to do bad things? Is it a facade/performative? - we need to understand her as a human |
| Deux ex machina | God from the machine - a god comes to resolve the conflict and end the play Medea endings that are expected do not come to pass |
| The Ionian Enlightenment | all natural philosophers who help develop ideas of science/philosophy - explain rules of the universe The Histories world can be understood/humans have intellectual capacity to understand it - break from religious explanations - our job to discover it |
| Historia | research or inquiry The Histories begins with preface - what/why he's writing this text - so we don't forget past actions and recreate them - avoid past mistakes |
| Ring Composition | narrative technique - story begins with particular idea/theme moves - ending mirrors beginning Histories story ends w/ themes it began w/ - answers questions of why - each digression gives themes to help understand purpose of text |
| Geographic Determinism | idea that geography/climate strongly influence characters/customs of different people Histories where you live shapes your culture/customs - does being different make you lesser/worse? won't represent if he doesn't know - prevent misinformation |
| Ethnography | the description or the study on the customs of other peoples The Histories if you are taught certain things, how does that affect how you view the world - need to see through own cultural biases |
| Chauvinism | the unreasonable excessive belief in the superiority of one's own group, culture, or gender The Histories can blur your observation - expect to look at others with contempt |
| "Custom is King of All" | humans have a tendency to think their preferences are superior - prefer what's familiar The Histories both groups value same thing but represent it differently - wrong to dismiss customs w/o understanding first - see past custom, see something unifying |
| Tyrant | initially - illegal/unlawful ruler - later more derogatory - inverse to all that democracy is The Histories this idea is projected on the monarchy - by very nature of institution |
| Persian Constitutional Debate | the Persians have a debate about their constitution The Histories governments are not inherent to our culture and one isn't superior bc it's ours - we as the audience need to see the good and bad of both |
| Satire | a literary technique used to criticize its object through humor or exaggeration The Clouds constructive in its focus - hope to improve society's issues through this recognition - to hold democracy/people accountable |
| Demokratia | the rule of the people The Clouds setting up against monarchy/tyranny - Athenian democracy = direct democracy - active/equal part of gov/society - need to be knowledgeable about politics |
| Rhetoric | the art of using language effectively and persuasively in order to influence an audience The Clouds not enough to just be knowledgeable - need to be persuasive - rhetoric can become divorced from truth - danger: something feels right but isn't true |
| Sophists | Greek itinerant intellectuals who taught rhetoric, politics, and virtue to wealthy young men - biased definition The Clouds rhetoric divorced from morality - outside thoughts into city - teaching youths (maybe wrong), threats to Athenian society |
| The Thinkery | made up research institution - represents the teachings of Socrates The Clouds mocks the students/teachers and their ideas - groups sophists/philosophers together - silly/harmful men |
| Socrates | teacher of rhetoric to students The Clouds we only have pieces of him from other texts - this caricature by Aristophanes was very damaging to his reputation |
| Just and Unjust Speech | rhetorical exercise - 2 personified arguments (one right and one wrong morally) The Clouds two different ways to live in Athenian society - intellectual culture of sophists - Socrates vs. traditional values |
| Conservative | inclined to maintain or return to previous views, conditions, and institutions The Clouds all wrapped in tradition - opposed to what's happening now - concerned about morality decline - everything called back to the past and implied things were better |
| Apologia | apology - a defense of oneself or one's actions Apology the humor of Clouds becomes material in the Apology - has its own biases - presents different ways to view Socrates - sets record straight and shows why he's important |
| Asebeia | impiety Apology - first accusation against Socrates makes people uncomfortable - he's a possible threat to community bc rejecting gods is dangerous - undermines their foundation/what they derive sense of morality from - if no foundation, only chaos |
| "Unexamined Life" | a life w/o critical self-reflection, philosophical questioning, and the pursuit of virtue is not worth living Apology they cannot continue to live sluggishly - you don't really know anything if you don't find it out for yourself - not authentic |
Created by:
Sofia.D