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255 EXAM 3
urologic problems
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| what 2 groups can UTI be classified in? | complicated and uncomplicated |
| What are the early symptoms of a UTI in an older adult? | Abd pain and ulterd mental status |
| what are the uncomplicated symptoms of a UTI? | dysuria, frequency, urgency, cloudy urine |
| What are the complicated symptoms of a UTI? | flank pain, fever, sepsis |
| what puts patients at high risk for a UTI? | catheter |
| what is a CAUTI | catheter associated urinary tract infection |
| what is HIA | healthcare associated infection |
| what are considerations to prevent UTIs? | strict insertion criteria, early removal, frequent perennial care |
| what diagnostic are used to test for a UTI? | WBC, urinalysis, cultural and sensitivity, clean catch |
| What is a clean catch how to do it? | uses a antimicrobial wipe, urinate a little then catch a midstream |
| what treatments to uses for UTI? | Abx, inc fluids, analgesics |
| what is phenazopyridine? | Analgesics to relive pain for a UTI |
| what is Fluconazole | Fungal infection med for a UTI |
| what is Flouroquinolones: Levofloxacin, Ciprofloxacin | medication for a complicated UTI |
| what is Trimethoprim/ sulfamethoxazole nitrofurantoin, cephalexin | medication for a uncomplicated UTI |
| why are probiotics important? when to give? | to give back good bacteria. 2hr after antibiotic |
| how do antacids affect Abx? when to give? | affects pH. 2hr before or after antibiotic |
| when educating a patient about an uncomplicated UTI what should there diet be? | inc fluids, and advoid bladder irritants (caffeine, cities) |
| why should patients not stop taking abx when symptoms subside? | take all the abx to avoid abx resistance and recurrence of the UTI |
| What is pyelonephritis? | inflammation of the renal tissue. can come from a UTI |
| What are the symptoms of pyelonephritis | fever, malise, flank pain, N/V, CVA tenderness, same as UTI |
| what diagnosits are for pyelonephritis? | UA, C&S, WBC, US |
| what is pyelonephritis treated with? | abx, fluids, analgesics |
| what is urethritis? | inflammation of the ureatha |
| how can you get urethritis? | STDs (make sure you ask the history |
| what are the symptoms of urethritis? | same as UTI, dysuria, urgency and frequency |
| how can you treat urethritis? | Abx |
| What is interstitial cystitis? | chronic, painful, inflammation of the bladder |
| what are the symptoms of interstitial cystitis?/diagnostic results | same as UTI, dysuria, urgency and frequency. no fever, no elevated WBC, normal UA |
| what is the treatment of interstitial cystitis? and what to avoid? | no treatment, rule out UTI. advoid irritants, OTC calcium glycerophosphate |
| what is urinary obstruction? commonly from what? | anything that blocks urinary flow. Stones, inflmation |
| what are some complications from a urinary obstruction? | Reflux (backs up to the ureters to the kidneys), Hydronephrosis (water), renal failure |
| what is urinary tract calculi? | another name for stone |
| what are the symptoms for urinary tract calculi? | sharp, sever pain and N/V |
| what test to diagnosis a urinary tract calculi? | CT, US (make sure to give pain meds; strain urine |
| what are the risk factors to getting a urinary tract calculi? | dehydration, diet, UTI |
| what is the treatment for urinary tract calculi? | Increase fluids, antiemetics, tamsulosin, potassium citrate, lithotripsy |
| what is a lithotripsy? | breaks up a stone by using lazor and electrohydraulic equipment and percutaneous ultrasonic |
| Calcium oxalate stone are the most common and phosphate stones need the treatment of? | inc fluids; inc calcium to reduce oxalate and phos. want alkaline urine |
| Cystine stones are rare and genetic what treatment should you do? | inc fluids; wants alkaline urine |
| Struvite stones are associated with UTI, common in women and a large staghorn and what should you do to treat? | inc fluids, may need surgery and want ACDIC urine |
| Uric acid stones is most common in men what should you do to treat it? | inc fluids, reduce urine acid. Avoid purines, give allopurinol (when you have too much acid), want alkaline urine |
| what foods are high in Ca? | dairy, beans, fish, dried fruits, nuts, chocolate |
| what foods are high in Oxalate? | spinach, asparagus, cabbage, celery, parsley, tomatoes, beets, nuts, chocolate, instant coffee tea |
| What foods are high in purine? | sardines, muscles, liver, kidney, goose, venison, chicken, pork, beef, ham, bacon, salmon, crab, veal |
| what are ureteral strictures? | narrowing of the ureters from scaring |
| how to treat ureteral strictures? | stents or urinary diversion (urostomey) |
| what is urethral strictures? | narrowing of the urethra from inflammation |
| what is the treatment of urethral strictures? | stents or catheters |
| how can you treat bladder cancer? | radiation and chemo (directly to the badder using a 3 way catheter), remove the tumor, bladder and structures around the bladder |
| what are the risk factors of bladder cancer? | UTI, Stones, smoking, pelvic radiation, exposure to chemicals, long term catheters |
| Uirnary diversion envolves? | urostomy, restores urin flow, strict I&O |
| What is urinary incontance? | involuntary leakage of urine |
| why does urinary innocence happen? | when there is too much pressure in the bladder is greater then the urethral pressure |
| Functional urinary innocence causes and treatments? | cognitive or physical causes. Treat by doing timed voids |
| Stress urinary innocence causes and treatments? | caused by sudden Abd pressure like sneezing, weak urinary sphincter. Treat by kegel exercises |
| Urge urinary innocence causes and treatments? | caused by uncontrolled muscle contractions. Treat with anticholinergics for relaxation, kegel exercises, bladder training, avoid irritating foods |
| What is urinary retention and how do you detect it? | can't fully empty the bladder. Uses bladder scan for post void residual. |
| what is the normal residual after a void? | 150, anything more is retention |
| what are the causes of urinary retention? | BPH, Strictures, Obstructions, Weak muscles |
| How to treat urinary retention? | Drain, pill, surgery |
| what meds treat urinary retention? | alpha adrenergic blockers: Tamsulosin, doxazosin, Treazosin, Alfuzosin |
Created by:
mmarino2