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History
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Indian (Sepoy) Rebellion of 1857-1858 | Indians were angered by Britain's suppression of their religious beliefs, Although the it was extinguished, it increased the racial gap in colonial India and convinced Britain to obtain direct control of India (no more British East India Company rule). |
| Congo Free State | forced labor movement (1890s) started by private companies in the Congo, and eventually taken over by King Leopold II. -local people collected rubber, millions died. -Europe was outraged by the cruelty & forced the Belgian gov to take control |
| Cultivation System | peasants had to devote 20% of their land for growing export/cash crops like coffee, sugar, and indigo which were taxes for the Dutch gov -colonial gov bought crops at very low fixed prices & sold them on the global market for huge profits |
| cultivation system effects | Peasants couldn’t meet quotas (bad harvests or lack of land) & borrowed money → debt Because land & labor were shifted away from food production, so the local food supply dropped --> famine |
| Africanization of Christianity | After European imperialists attempted to ban certain African traditions that they believed contradicted Christian teachings, many Africans created independent Churches that combined both African traditions and Christianity |
| Archduke Franz Ferdinand | -Austro-Hungarian gov believed Serbian nationalism would weaken empire (which included Slavic people) -A-H tried to extinguish it so a Serbian nationalist terrorist killed Franz (heir to A-H throne) -Germany backed Austria & Russia backed Siberia |
| Treaty of Versailles | -ended WWI (1919) - Germany lost its colonial empire -lost 15% of its European land -military restrictions -blamed for the war -paid reparations to winners -outrage across Germany set the stage for WWI -left Europe politically unstable |
| Woodrow Wilson | US president during WWI. -@ a peace conference in Paris after the war’s end, he suggested the Fourteen Points & League of Nations |
| Fourteen Points | |
| League of Nations | |
| tsarists | lost a civil war against the Bolsheviks for control of Russia |
| Vladimir Lenin | leader of Bolshevik Party & Russian Revolution, who seized political control of Russia during Russian Revolution. -overthrew Russian Tsar Nicholas II & founded USSR, a communist government. He pulled Russia from the war and began a Russian civil war. |
| Joseph Stalin | led socialist society in Russia, leader of USSR -1920 - modernization & industrialization -Communists controlled economics & politics -collectivism - gained absolute control of country, while Vladimir started communism by gaining people’s favor |
| kulaks | richer peasants who were blamed for the collectivisation of agriculture -killed by stalin |
| Benito Mussolini | Leader of Italy from 1922 to 1943 -fascism & dictatorship After WWI, Italy had economic problems and unrest, he promised stability/strength -expand Italy’s empire (ex: invasion of Ethiopia in 1935) -Allied with Adolf Hitler during World War II |
| Mein Kampf | (My Struggle) -book written by Hitler -calling for the purifcation of the German race -attempting to justifying his antisemitism against Jews. The book |
| Kristallnacht | -“Night of Broken Glass.” -1938, through a state organized program, Nazi officials and civilians burned synagogues, Jewish buissness, Jewish homes, schools, and more. -Throusnads of Jewish men were arrested and many were sent to concentration camps. |
| Revolutionary Right | japan, germany, italy began distrusting capitalism & democracy - revolutionary movement (Radical Nationalism), driven by young army officers -nationalism, allegiance to elite leadership (emperor), foreign expansion, convervative, Tradition and hierarchy |
| Ho Chi Minh | -leader of a local communist movement in Veitnam -had both a socialist and a nationalist vision for his country -fought the Japanese, French, and Americans for control of Vietnam -freed Viatnam from French colonial rule & modernized the country. |
| Chinese Revolution | -lasted for decades -caused by the callapse of the Chinese imperial system, which fell from foreign imperialism and internal resisitance. -1921 -Karl Marx’s ideas gained popularity -small communist party focused on organizing urban working class |
| European Economic Community | Europe rebuilt its economic and political systems after WWII by supporing each other’s economies - decreased tariffs, created common trade policies -In 1993, It became the European Union. |
| Marshall Plan | US, wanting to prevent a new depression and increase capitalism’s appeal, sent money to Europe -helped Europe recover from the depression and WWI -massive success -US’s increased involvement with European struggles increased USSR's hostility |
| Mao Zedong | -Chinese leader of the Communist Party who emerged shortly after WWII -fought against Japanese imperialism -Unlike Stalin, resisted class inequalities between the peasants/workers & educated bureaucrats -preserve China’s revolutionary spirit |
| Great Leap Forward | -equal growth in urbanization & farming by starting small industrial institutions in rural, not large cities -good public education prevents dependency on educated elites -society could jump to communism, not relying on industrialization -it failed |
| Cultural Revolution | -believed capitalism corrupted high gov ranks led by Mao to remove traditional ideas - mobilized youth (Red Guards) to attack intellectuals, & enforce strict loyalty -widespread chaos |
| Truman Doctrine | policy announced by U.S. President Harry Truman in 1947 after WWII -US would give economic & military aid to countries threatened by communism (Greece and Turkey). Its main goal was to contain the spread of communism during the early Cold War. |
| NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) | USSR attempted to control Eastern Europe so US & Western Europe established democratic societies with capitalist economies -intended to defend those involved from Soviet aggression -carved out a US sphere of influence in Western Europe. |
| Warsaw Pact | -1955 - alliance between U -aimed to counter NATO and prevent Western ideas from tainting communist societies -carved out a Soviet sphere of influence in Eastern Europe ( “iron curtain,” → heavily secured border between East & West Europe) |
| what triggered decolonization in 20th century? | Weakening of European powers after WWII Rise of nationalist movements, Colonized people wanted self-determination |
| Indian National Congress | The Indian National Congress, or Congress Party, resulted from India’s independence movement and was led by Gandhi. It organized protests and negotiations between the Indian people and the British. |
| Muslim League | During the Indian Revolution, Muslims, a minority, feared their voices would be overruled -political party in new India, led to creation of Pakistan -leader, Muhammad Ali Jinnah, said any area of India w/ a Muslim majority should rule themselves |
| Deng Xiaoping | -leader of China’s reform movement after Zedong -“paramount leader” (1978) -reversed collectivism of agriculture by establishing private farms, (supported by peasants) -managers of state enterprises were encouraged to act like private owners |
| Mikhail Gorbachev | led a reform process in the USSR in the mid-1980s. -loosened gov's tight hold on media & economy, allowing people to criticize the gov. -his series of economic reforms worsened the problems, caused USSR to fall, and led to the end of the Cold War. |
| Perestroika | Gorbachev tackled the country’s economic issues by initiating an economic program called perestroika (restructuring), which freed state enterprises from government control, legalized private farming, and allowed foreign investment. |
| Glasnost | - "openness" -promised more transparency & freedom of speech in the USSR. -Stalin's crimes were exposed in the media. Propaganda ceased, and the Bible and Quran were more widely available. |
| Belt Road Initiative | China’s president, Xi Jinping, began economic strategy to build infrastructures like railways, digital networks, etc. -increase trade & connect countries -boosts China’s global influence -china in debt cauz it was expensive & investment didn't pay off |
| Israeli-Palestinian Conflict | -struggle over land & political control in Israel & Palestine. -It traces back to competing nationalist movements. -After Israel was created, many Palestinians were displaced, causing conflict for territory, borders, refugees, & political recognition. |
| Iranian Revolution | overthrew Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, replaced w/ an Islamic republic led by Khomeini -Many Iranians opposed Shah’s authoritarian rule & ties to the West (US) -Mass protests forced Shah to flee -Khomeini returned & established gov based on Islamic law |
| Economic Globalization | -ncreasing integration of economies around the world through trade, investment, and movement of goods, services. -Countries are more connected & dependent on each other economically -more job opportunities and lowered the price of consumer goods. |
| World Trade Organization | An international organization that regulates and promotes global trade. -Helps reduce trade barriers and settle trade disputes between countries - sparked global protests and criticism. |
| North American Free Trade Agreement | A trade agreement between the United States, Canada, and Mexico (1994). Reduced tariffs and increased trade between member countries. |
| Women’s Department | Government organizations in the Soviet Union that promoted women’s rights and participation in the workforce. - Encouraged gender equality in theory, but traditional gender roles often remained. -organized conferences for women |
| Export Processing Zones | In order to attract manufacturers, nations established weak labor laws, such as low wages and tax incentives. -places where international companies that worked there were granted exceptions from certain taxes, customs benefits, and more. |
| Second-wave Feminism | A social movement (1960s–1980s) focused on equality for women. Equal pay Reproductive rights Workplace equality Key figure example: Betty Friedan |
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Blessed Rectangle 10