involves the study of drugs, including their origins, properties, preparation, usage, and their effects on the body

is any chemical used for treating and preventing diseases or conditions, enhancing health, improving quality of life, or substituting for body substances.

medication administration rules

as a safety measure to prevent errors. These include the right: medication, form, dose, route, time, patient, technique, education, and documentation.

To monitor patient reactions to medication its critical

to observe the patient for 20 to 30 minutes post-administration and to ensure a healthcare provider is available. Patients should be advised to contact the office if they experience any fever, rash, or chills within 48 hours of an injection.

This branch focuses on how drugs are processed by the body, primarily examining the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination (ADME)

This branch concentrates on the study of drug effects on the body. It explores how the concentration of a drug at the site of action influences the pharmacological response.

The process of drug entry into the bloodstream

The movement of a drug from the bloodstream tissues/organs

The enzymatic conversion of a drug into metabolites

The removal of drug and its metabolites from the body

01 Protected by patent 02 Supplied by a single company 03 Marketed under a brand name 04 Priced by pharmaceutical companies

Low- cost version of brand drugs Are as safe and effective as brand drugs No national price regulation Price includes manufacturing and stocking cost

Medication Tasks : Prescribe

This involves ordering a medication from the pharmacy, typically through a prescription

Medication Tasks : Dispense

This refers to the act of handing over medication to a patient for later use; in ambulatory care settings, dispensing often involves providing drug samples or stock samples to patients

Medication Tasks : Administer:

This entails preparing and directly delivering medication to a patient using any method at the point of care. Physicians, PA, and Nurse Practitioners have the authority to prescribe, dispense, and administer medications to their patients

This can occur through various routes, such as oral, intravenous, or transdermal. that influence absorption include the drug’s formulation, the presence of food in the stomach, and the pH of the gasto tract

final stage, where the drug and its metabolites are eliminated from the body.

The kidneys are the primary organs responsible for excretion, filtering the blood to remove waste products through urine. However, drugs can also be excreted through bile (leading to fecal excretion), sweat, saliva, breath.

Importance in Healthcare

helps in selecting the right drug, determining the appropriate dose, and predicting the potential effects of the drug, including both therapeutic and adverse effects

Importance in Healthcare

. informs the development of new drugs by identifying potential drug targets and understanding how drugs can be modified to improve their efficacy and safety.

Allows for personalization of drugs therapy based

individual’s specific characteristics, such as age, weight, organ function, and genetic factors

the dose, frequency of administration, and duration of therapy.

predict potential drug-drug interactions.

if two drugs are metabolized by the same liver enzyme, one drug may inhibit or enhance the metabolism of the other, leading to altered drug levels and adverse effects.

Pharmacodynamics : Mechanism of Action(MOA)

Refers to the specific biochemical interaction through which a drug produces its pharmacological effect. This often involves the interaction of the drug with a specific target, such as a receptor, enzyme, ion channel, or protein.

Pharmacodynamics : Dose relationship

Describes the relationship between the dose of a drug and the magnitude of its effect. It is usually represented by a dose-response curve, which shows how the drug's effects change with increasing doses

Pharmacodynamics : side effects and toxicity

Unintended or harmful effects of a drug. Understanding these effects is crucial for the safe and effective use of medications. Side effects can occur due to the drug’s action on unintended targets or through exaggerated effects on its intended targets.

Pharmacodynamics : Efficacity & potency

Efficacy refers to the max effect that a drug can produce, regardless of dose. Potency refers to the amount of drug needed to produce a certain effect.

Drugs that relieve pain. There are 2 main type :non-narcotics analgesics for mild pain, and narcotic analgesics for severe pain

Drugs that suppress anxiety and relax muscles (sometimes called anxiolytics, sedatives, or minor tranquilizers).

Drugs used to control irregularities of heartbeat

Drugs made from naturally occurring and synthetic substances that combat bacterial infection. Some antibiotics are effective only against limited types of bacteria. broad spectrum antibiotics, are effective against a wide range of bacteria.

Anticoagulants & Thrombolytics

Anticoagulants prevent blood from clotting. Thrombolytics help dissolve and disperse blood clots and may be prescribed for patients with recent arterial or venous thrombosis.

Drugs that prevent epileptic seizures.

There are three main groups of mood-lifting antidepressants: tricyclics, monoamine oxidase inhibitors, and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs).

Drugs used to treat fungal infections, the most common of which affect the hair, skin, nails, or mucous membranes.

Drugs used primarily to counteract the effects of histamine, one of the chemicals involved in allergic reactions.

Drugs that lower blood pressure. The types of antihypertensives currently marketed include diuretics, beta-blockers, calcium channel blocker, ACE (angiotensin- converting enzyme) inhibitors, centrally acting antihypertensives and sympatholytic.

Drugs used to reduce inflammation - the redness, heat, swelling, and increased blood flow found in infections and in many chronic non infectious diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and gout.

Drugs used to treat symptoms of severe psychiatric disorders. These drugs are sometimes called major tranquilizers.

Drugs used to treat viral infections or to provide temporary protection against infections such as influenza.

Beta-adrenergic blocking agents, or beta-blockers for short, reduce the oxygen needs of the heart by reducing heartbeat rate.

Drugs that open up the bronchial tubes within the lungs when the tubes have become narrowed by muscle spasm. Bronchodilators ease breathing in diseases such as asthma.

These hormonal preparations are used primarily as anti-inflammatories in arthritis or asthma or as immunosuppressives, but they are also useful for treating some malignancies or compensating for a deficiency of natural hormones in disorders

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Pharma & Med admin

Pharmacology & Medication Administration

Question	Answer
Pharmacology	involves the study of drugs, including their origins, properties, preparation, usage, and their effects on the body
A drug	is any chemical used for treating and preventing diseases or conditions, enhancing health, improving quality of life, or substituting for body substances.
While most drugs are __________ produced, others are derived from natural sources such as plants, animals, or minerals.	Synthetically
_________ __________ often play a key role in the medication process, from taking patient histories to administering medications, though their responsibilities can vary based on facility guidelines or state regulations.	Medical assistants
It's crucial for ________ ______ that medical assistants understand drug classifications, correct pronunciation, administration methods, uses, contraindications, common side effects, and proper dosages.	patient safety
_______ in drug selection, calculation, measurement, or administration can be harmful or even fatal.	Errors
medication administration rules	as a safety measure to prevent errors. These include the right: medication, form, dose, route, time, patient, technique, education, and documentation.
Patients should not be given medications they are allergic to, and it's a best practice to routinely ask about _________ to latex, adhesives, or skin preparations.	allergies
To monitor patient reactions to medication its critical	to observe the patient for 20 to 30 minutes post-administration and to ensure a healthcare provider is available. Patients should be advised to contact the office if they experience any fever, rash, or chills within 48 hours of an injection.
Pharmacodynamics explains the	“effect” of drugs.
Pharmacokinetics explains the	"journey” of drugs.
Pharmacokinetics	This branch focuses on how drugs are processed by the body, primarily examining the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination (ADME)
Pharmacodynamics	This branch concentrates on the study of drug effects on the body. It explores how the concentration of a drug at the site of action influences the pharmacological response.
Absorption	The process of drug entry into the bloodstream
Distribution	The movement of a drug from the bloodstream tissues/organs
Metabolism	The enzymatic conversion of a drug into metabolites
Elimination	The removal of drug and its metabolites from the body
Brand Drugs	01 Protected by patent 02 Supplied by a single company 03 Marketed under a brand name 04 Priced by pharmaceutical companies
Generic Drugs	Low- cost version of brand drugs Are as safe and effective as brand drugs No national price regulation Price includes manufacturing and stocking cost
Medication Tasks : Prescribe	This involves ordering a medication from the pharmacy, typically through a prescription
Medication Tasks : Dispense	This refers to the act of handing over medication to a patient for later use; in ambulatory care settings, dispensing often involves providing drug samples or stock samples to patients
Medication Tasks : Administer:	This entails preparing and directly delivering medication to a patient using any method at the point of care. Physicians, PA, and Nurse Practitioners have the authority to prescribe, dispense, and administer medications to their patients
Absorption:	This can occur through various routes, such as oral, intravenous, or transdermal. that influence absorption include the drug’s formulation, the presence of food in the stomach, and the pH of the gasto tract
Excretion:	final stage, where the drug and its metabolites are eliminated from the body.
Excretion:	The kidneys are the primary organs responsible for excretion, filtering the blood to remove waste products through urine. However, drugs can also be excreted through bile (leading to fecal excretion), sweat, saliva, breath.
Importance in Healthcare	helps in selecting the right drug, determining the appropriate dose, and predicting the potential effects of the drug, including both therapeutic and adverse effects
Importance in Healthcare	. informs the development of new drugs by identifying potential drug targets and understanding how drugs can be modified to improve their efficacy and safety.
Allows for personalization of drugs therapy based	individual’s specific characteristics, such as age, weight, organ function, and genetic factors
Dosing Regimen	the dose, frequency of administration, and duration of therapy.
predict potential drug-drug interactions.	if two drugs are metabolized by the same liver enzyme, one drug may inhibit or enhance the metabolism of the other, leading to altered drug levels and adverse effects.
Pharmacodynamics : Mechanism of Action(MOA)	Refers to the specific biochemical interaction through which a drug produces its pharmacological effect. This often involves the interaction of the drug with a specific target, such as a receptor, enzyme, ion channel, or protein.
Pharmacodynamics : Dose relationship	Describes the relationship between the dose of a drug and the magnitude of its effect. It is usually represented by a dose-response curve, which shows how the drug's effects change with increasing doses
Pharmacodynamics : side effects and toxicity	Unintended or harmful effects of a drug. Understanding these effects is crucial for the safe and effective use of medications. Side effects can occur due to the drug’s action on unintended targets or through exaggerated effects on its intended targets.
Pharmacodynamics : Efficacity & potency	Efficacy refers to the max effect that a drug can produce, regardless of dose. Potency refers to the amount of drug needed to produce a certain effect.
Analgesics	Drugs that relieve pain. There are 2 main type :non-narcotics analgesics for mild pain, and narcotic analgesics for severe pain
Antianxiety Drugs	Drugs that suppress anxiety and relax muscles (sometimes called anxiolytics, sedatives, or minor tranquilizers).
Antiarrhythmics	Drugs used to control irregularities of heartbeat
Antibiotics	Drugs made from naturally occurring and synthetic substances that combat bacterial infection. Some antibiotics are effective only against limited types of bacteria. broad spectrum antibiotics, are effective against a wide range of bacteria.
Anticoagulants & Thrombolytics	Anticoagulants prevent blood from clotting. Thrombolytics help dissolve and disperse blood clots and may be prescribed for patients with recent arterial or venous thrombosis.
Anticonvulsants	Drugs that prevent epileptic seizures.
Antidepressants	There are three main groups of mood-lifting antidepressants: tricyclics, monoamine oxidase inhibitors, and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs).
Antifungals	Drugs used to treat fungal infections, the most common of which affect the hair, skin, nails, or mucous membranes.
Antihistamines	Drugs used primarily to counteract the effects of histamine, one of the chemicals involved in allergic reactions.
Antihypertensives	Drugs that lower blood pressure. The types of antihypertensives currently marketed include diuretics, beta-blockers, calcium channel blocker, ACE (angiotensin- converting enzyme) inhibitors, centrally acting antihypertensives and sympatholytic.
Anti-Inflammatories	Drugs used to reduce inflammation - the redness, heat, swelling, and increased blood flow found in infections and in many chronic non infectious diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and gout.
Antipsychotics	Drugs used to treat symptoms of severe psychiatric disorders. These drugs are sometimes called major tranquilizers.
Antipyretics	Drugs that reduce fever.
Antivirals	Drugs used to treat viral infections or to provide temporary protection against infections such as influenza.
Beta-Blockers	Beta-adrenergic blocking agents, or beta-blockers for short, reduce the oxygen needs of the heart by reducing heartbeat rate.
Bronchodilators	Drugs that open up the bronchial tubes within the lungs when the tubes have become narrowed by muscle spasm. Bronchodilators ease breathing in diseases such as asthma.
Corticosteroids	These hormonal preparations are used primarily as anti-inflammatories in arthritis or asthma or as immunosuppressives, but they are also useful for treating some malignancies or compensating for a deficiency of natural hormones in disorders
Hypoglycemics (Oral)	Drugs that lower the level of glucose in the blood. Oral hypoglycemic drugs are used in diabetes mellitus if it cannot be controlled by diet alone but does require treatment with injections of insulin.
Schedule I	drugs, substances, or chemicals are defined as drugs with no currently accepted medical use and a high potential for abuse. examples of Schedule I drugs are: heroin, (LSD),(cannabis), ]ecstasy), methaqualone, and peyote.
Schedule II	are defined as drugs with a high potential for abuse, with use potentially leading to severe psychological or physical dependence. These drugs are also considered dangerous. examples of , cocaine, methamphetamine, methadone, (OxyContin), fentanyl
Schedule III	moderate to low potential for physical and psychological dependence. Schedule III drugs abuse potential is less than Schedule I and Schedule II drugs but more than Schedule IV. ex.(Tylenol with codeine), ketamine, anabolic steroids, testosterone.
Schedule IV	a low potential for abuse and low risk of dependence. Some examples of Schedule IV drugs include Xanax, Soma, Darvon, Darvocet, Valium, Ativan,Talwin,
Schedule V	lower potential for abuse than Schedule IV and consist of preparations containing limited quantities of certain narcotics. Schedule V drugs are generally used for antidiarrheal, antitussive, and analgesic purposes.
Forms of Medications	01 Tablets 02 Capsules 03 Chewable tablets 04 Injectables 05 Powders 06 Solutions 07 Emulsions 08 Suspensions 09 Lotions 10 Creams 11 Ointments 12 Effervescent granules 13 Aerosols 14 Gasses 15 Suppositories
Routes of Medications : Oral	Pills, capsules, syrups, elixirs, and lozenges are all examples of oral medications. Mucosal medications may be given sublingually or in the buccal mucosa as well.
Routes of Medications :Inhalation	Metered dose inhalers, dry powder inhalers, nebulizers, as well as oxygen by nasal cannula or mask are all examples of inhaled medications
Routes of Medications : Topical	Creams, ointments, gels, are all forms of topical medication. These are applied directly to the skin for absorption
Routes of Medications : Instillation	Instillation is delivered by drops. Instillation can be used for the eyes, the ears or the nose
Routes of Medications : Transdermal	Transdermal patches deliver medication topically.
Routes of Medications : Vaginal	Medications delivered vaginally typically come in the form of suppositories, pills, or creams. The vaginal ring may also be used as a form of contraception.
Routes of Medications : Rectal	The rectum provides a mucosal surface for drug absorption that typically produces a rapid effect using smaller medication doses. This is because medications given by this route bypass metabolism in the liver.
Routes of Medications :Injections	1.)Subcutaneous (SQ) 2.)Intramuscular (IM) 3.)Intradermal(ID)
injection : Subcutaneous (SQ)	The medication is injected into the subcutaneous fat. An example of a drug that is delivered SQ is insulin.
injections: Intramuscular (IM)	The medication is injected into the muscle belly itself. An example of an IM drug is corticosteroid, such as dexamethasone.
Injection : Intradermal (ID)	The medication is injected very superficially into the dermis, or second layer of skin. The most common use of ID injection is for delivery of PPD, known as the Mantoux test for tuberculosis.
Dosage Forms : amp	ampule
Dosage Forms : cap	capsule
Dosage Forms : cr	cream
Dosage Forms : elix	elixir
Dosage Forms : liq	liquid
Dosage Forms : lot	lotion
Dosage Forms : sup	suppository
Dosage Forms : syr	syrup
Dosage Forms : tab	tablet
Dosage Forms : ung	ointment
Strength and systems of measurement : c	cup. Celsius
Strength and systems of measurement :ds	double strength
Strength and systems of measurement : g. gm	gram
Strength and systems of measurement : gr	grain
Strength and systems of measurement :gtt	drop
Strength and systems of measurement : kg	kilogram
Strength and systems of measurement :l	liter
Strength and systems of measurement : Ib	pound
Strength and systems of measurement : mcg	microgram
Strength and systems of measurement :mEq	milliequivalent
Strength and systems of measurement :mg/dL	milligrams per deciliter
Strength and systems of measurement : oz	ounce
Strength and systems of measurement :qt	QUART
Strength and systems of measurement :tbsp	tablespoon
Strength and systems of measurement :tsp	teaspoon
Route of Administration : ID	intradermally
Route of Administration: IM	Intramuscularly
Route of Administration: Inj	inject. injection
Route of Administration :IV	intravenously
Route of Administration :PO	by mouth. orally
Route of Administration: PR	Rectally
Route of Administration : r, rec	rectally
Route of Administration : subcut	subcutaneously
Route of Administration : top	topically
Time or frequency of administration : a	before
Time or frequency of administration : ac	before meals
Time or frequency of administration : ad lib	as desired
Time or frequency of administration : Am	morning
Time or frequency of administration: bid	twice a day
Time or frequency of administration : ̅c	with
Time or frequency of administration : d	daily , day
Time or frequency of administration : h, hr	hour
Time or frequency of administration : noct	night
Time or frequency of administration : Pc	after meals
Time or frequency of administration :PM	Evening nighttime
Time or frequency of administration : PRN	Whenever necessary
Time or frequency of administration : q	every
Time or frequency of administration : qam	every morning
Time or frequency of administration : q4h	every 4 hours
Time or frequency of administration : qid	four times per day
Time or frequency of administration : stat	immediately
Time or frequency of administration : ut dict	as directed
The Cost of Poor Prescription Writing	Med errors occur in approximately 1 in every 5 doses given in hospitals .1error occurs per pt per day. 1.3 milli injuries,7,000 deaths occur each yr in the U.S. from related errors. Drug-related morbidity,mortality are esti to cost $177 billi the U.S.
Parts of a Prescription	Pt’s name and another identifier, usually DOB Med and strength, amount to be taken, route by which it is to be taken, and frequency. Amount to be given at the pharmacy and number of refills. Signature and physician identifiers like NPI or DEA numbers.
Atorvastatin (Generic Lipitor)	used to treat high cholesterol, and to lower the risk of stroke or heart attack.
Levothyroxine (Generic Levo-T, Synthroid)	Levothyroxine treats hypothyroidism (low thyroid hormone). It is used to treat or prevent goiter (enlarged thyroid gland).
Omeprazole (Generic Prilosec)	Omeprazole is prescribed to treat gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). It is also used to lower levels of acid in the stomach.
Lisinopril (Generic Prinivil, Zestril)	Lisinopril is used to treat high blood pressure (hypertension) or congestive heart failure.
Losartan (Generic Cozaar)	used to treat high blood pressure (hypertension). It is also used to lower the risk of stroke in certain people with heart disease.
Metformin (Generic Riomet)	Metformin is used to improve blood sugar control in people with type 2 diabetes.
Simvastatin (Generic Zocor)	Simvastatin is used to lower cholesterol and triglycerides (types of fat) in the blood.
Amlodipine (Generic Norvasc)	is used to treat high blood pressure. It is a calcium channel blocker, which relaxes blood vessels.
Gabapentin (Generic Neurontin)	is an anticonvulsant used to treat epilepsy. It is also used to treat nerve pain.
Metoprolol (Generic Toprol, Lopressor)	is a beta-blocker used to treat high blood pressure, chest pain, and heart failure.
Hydrochlorothiazide	is used to treat high blood pressure. It is a diuretic medication.
Sertraline (Generic Zoloft)	used to treat depression, anxiety, panic attacks, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).
Escitalopram (Generic Lexapro)	Escitalopram is prescribed to treat anxiety and depression. It is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) medication.
Montelukast (Generic Singulair)	used to prevent symptoms of asthma. It may also be prescribed to reduce symptoms of hay fever.
Fluoxetine (Generic Prozac)	is prescribed to treat depression and anxiety. It may be prescribed to treat panic attacks and bulimia.
Fluticasone	used to treat allergy symptoms such as sneezing, itching, runny nose, and watery eyes.
Dextroamphetamine (Generic Dexedrine)	is prescribed to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
Amoxicillin	Amoxicillin is an antibiotic used to treat a wide variety of bacterial infections.
Insulin Glargine (Generic Lantus)	Insulin glargine is used to control high blood sugar in those with diabetes.
Furosemide (Generic Lasix)	used to treat high blood pressure, and to reduce extra fluid in the body.
Bupropion	prescription medication used to treat depression.
Pantoprazole (Generic Protonix)	used to treat acid reflux and other stomach and esophagus problems.
Ibuprofen	is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) used to treat pain.
Prednisone	Prednisone is a corticosteroid. It is used to treat inflammation.
Rosuvastatin (Generic Crestor)	used to treat high cholesterol. It is a medication known as a statin.
Pravastatin Sodium (Generic Pravachol)	Pravastatin is prescribed along with a healthy diet to treat high cholesterol and fats.
Duloxetine (Generic Cymbalta)	is prescribed to treat depression and anxiety. It is also sometimes used to relieve nerve pain.
Alprazolam (Generic Xanax)	Alprazolam is used to treat anxiety and panic disorders. It is a benzodiazepine medication.
Trazodone	prescribed to treat depression. It belongs to a class of medications known as serotonin receptor antagonists and reuptake inhibitors (SARIs).
Tamsulosin (Generic Flomax)	Tamsulosin is used to treat the symptoms of an enlarged prostate.
Potassium	prescribed to individuals who have depleted levels of potassium due to kidney disease or gastrointestinal disease.
Carvedilol (Generic Coreg)	Carvedilol is prescribed to treat high blood pressure and heart failure.
Clopidogrel (Generic Plavix)	prescribed to prevent heart attacks and strokes in individuals who have heart disease. It may also be used with other medications to treat chest pain (angina).
Meloxicam (Generic Mobic)	nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory. It is used to treat arthritis and joint pain.
Atenolol (Generic Tenormin)	a beta-blocker prescribed to treat high blood pressure.
Citalopram (Generic Celexa)	selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI). It is used to treat depression.
Cyclobenzaprine (Generic Fexmid)	is prescribed to treat muscle spasms. It is typically prescribed for short-term use only.
Allopurinol (Generic Zyloprim)	prescribed for the treatment of gout and kidney stones. It may also be prescribed to prevent high levels of uric acid in patients undergoing chemotherapy.
Ethinyl Estradiol/Norethindrone (Generic junel. Microgestin, loestrin, Aurovela )	Ethinyl estradiol/norethindrone is a combination hormone medication used to prevent pregnancy and regulate menstrual periods.
Venlafaxine	Venlafaxine is used to treat depression. It is a drug known as a serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI).
Lorazepam (Generic Ativan)	Lorazepam is prescribed to treat anxiety. It is a benzodiazepine medication.
Warfarin (Generic Jantoven)	commonly called a blood-thinner. It is used to treat and prevent blood clots.
Quetiapine (Generic Seroquel)	treats certain mental health and mood disorders including bipolar disorder and schizophrenia.
Propranolol (Generic Hemangeol)	is a beta-blocker that is prescribed for high blood pressure, irregular heartbeats, and tremors.
Zolpidem Tartrate (Generic Ambien)	is prescribed to treat insomnia. It is typically prescribed for short-term use only.
Cetirizine (Generic Quzyttir)	Cetirizine is used to reduce allergy symptoms. It is an antihistamine medication.
Ergocalciferol (Vitamin D)	Ergocalciferol is prescribed to increase levels of Vitamin D, which helps prevent and treat bone disorders.
Estradiol (Generic Alora, Estrace, Climara, Dotti, Menostar,Minivelle)	Estradiol is the hormone estrogen. It is used to treat symptoms of menopause.
Budesonide (Pulmicort)	Budesonide is prescribed to treat asthma. It is a corticosteroid medication.
Occurs mainly in the liver where drugs are chemically transformed into ___________.	metabolite
Personalization Allows personalization of drug therapy	based on individual characteristics, such as age, organ function, and genetics
Dosing	Helps clinicians determine the appropriate dosing regimen, including dose, frequency, and duration of therapy to maximize safety and effectiveness.
Drug Interactions Predicts potential drug-drug interactions.For example	if two drugs are metabolized by the same enzyme, one may inhibit or enhance metabolism of the other, altering blood levels and adverse effects
The [harmacokinetics Parameters ADME	Absorption, Distribution , Metabolism , Excretion
Excretion The elimination of drugs and their metabolites, primarily via the _________ (urine)	kidneys
Pharmacodynamics is the branch of pharmacology that investigates ______ _____ __ __ to the body	what drugs do to the body
Receptor binding	how drugs attach to and activate or block cellular receptors
Enzyme inhibition or stimulation	how drugs interfere with or enhance biochemical reactions
Modulation of cellular signaling pathways	how drugs influence communication inside cells
Potency	the concentration or dose required to produce a specific effect
Efficacy	the maximum effect a drug can produce, regardless of dose
Dose-response relationships	how changes in dose affect the magnitude of the drug’s effect
Absorption	Process by which a drug enters the bloodstream. Influenced by route (oral, IV, IM, transdermal, inhaled), formulation (tablet, capsule, solution), solubility, pH, stability, and presence of food.
Distribution	Transport of drugs via the bloodstream to tissues and organs. Influenced by blood flow, tissue permeability, protein binding, and tissue affinity.
Metabolism	Chemical alteration of drugs, mainly in the liver. Functions: deactivate active drugs, activate prodrugs, detoxify substances. The liver acts as the body’s “treatment plant.”
Excretion	Elimination of drugs/metabolites. Major route: kidneys (urine). Others: bile, sweat, saliva, breath. Impaired clearance can cause toxicity. Some undergo enterohepatic recirculation.
Half-Life	Time required for drug concentration in the body to decrease by 50%. Determines dosing frequency. Short half-life = frequent dosing. Long half-life = less frequent dosing but higher risk of accumulation.
Brand Name Medications also known as trade name or proprietary name medications,	e given a unique name by the pharmaceutical company that developed and markets the drug. is usually catchy, easy, and often trademarked to protect the company's prod.These meds are typically more $$ > to their generic due to research and marketing
A drug’s brand or trade name	is the name its manufacturer gives the drug. Thus one drug might have several brand names, each assigned by a different manufacturer. For example, ibuprofen is marketed as Advil, Motrin, Nuprin, and others
Brand DRUGS	Protected by paten , supplied by a single company , marketed under a brand name , priced by pharamceutical
Generic Name Medications:	contain the same active ingredient in the same dosage as the brand-name drug and treat with the same effectiveness as the brand-name drug.
Generic name medications are identified by	their active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) name, which is the chemical compound responsible for the therapeutic effect.
brand name medications are given	unique names by the pharmaceutical company that developed them,
A drug recall	occurs when a prescript or over-the-counter med is removed from market becuc i either defective or potentially harmful. makers will discover a problem with their drug and volunt recall it,med be recalled after receiving reports of probs from public
Prescribe:	To order a medication from the pharmacy, usually by prescription.
Dispense:	To personally hand the patient a medication to take later; in ambulatory care, drug samples and stock samples are commonly dispensed
Administer	To prepare and personally give the patient medication through any method at the point of care, Physicians, Physician Assistants, and Nurse Practitioners are licensed to prescribe, dispense, and administer medications for their patients.
T/F The medical assistant cannot prescribe or order medications but may be able to dispense or administer certain medications or create and call in prescriptions directly from the provider.	true
Medication orders	required for all medications administered in a healthcare facility. Every order must include the patient’s name, date, name of the drug, dose, route, frequency of administration, any special instructions, and the prescribing person's signature.
Medication orders	can be written, verbal, or given by telephone
Medication orders are often based on _______________ or _____________	frequency or urgency.
As-needed orders, called PRN orders, are administered	nly when needed or requested. The PRN order tells how frequently the medication may be given.
Orders for medications given ________ surgery or a procedure are considered single, one-time-only orders. An example is:	before
A STAT order means	hat you must give the prescribed drug immediately. Most facilities have policies in place indicating what “immediately” means. You’ll see this type of order when a provider prescribes a new drug for a patient or one to address a specific problem.
"Now" orders are	less urgent than STAT orders and should be given within a 90-minute time frame or by the time frame mandated by specific facility policy.
1. Prescription Processing:	MAs may assist in processing prescriptions by accurately recording pt info, med details, and instructions from the provider. They may enter prescription information into electronic medical records (EMRs) or other prescription management systems.
2. Prescription Refills	Medical assistants may handle prescription refill requests from patients. They may verify the request with the healthcare provider, ensure that the prescription is still valid, and process the refill according to established protocols.
3. Medication History:	MAs may be responsible for obtaining and doc a pt's med history, including current prescriptions, over-the-counter meds, and sups. This info is crucial for the provider to make informed decisions regarding tx plans and potential drug interactions.
4. Patient Education	Medical assistants caby providing information and instructions regarding medications prescribed. They may explain dosage, frequency, and potential side effects to patients, ensuring they understand how to properly take their medications.
5. Prescription Assistance Programs:	MAs may assist patients in navigating prescription assistance programs. They can provide information on eligibility, help with completing applications, and coordinate with the healthcare provider to ensure patients receive the necessary medications.
6. Prescription Prior Authorizations: IN SOME CASES	medical assistants may assist with prescription prior authorizations. This involves communicating with insurance companies or pharmacy benefit managers to obtain approval for medications that require additional documentation or justification.
5 Rights of Medication Administration	1. The Right Patient 2. The Right Drug 3. The Right Time 4. The Right Dose 5. The Right Route
The Right Patient	confirm the patient's indentity with full name and DOB
The Right Drug	Confirm u are administering the correct meds and name of the drugs when recicieving the order, again when preparing and 3rd time before adminstering
. The Right Time	Confirm when the pt is to recieve the meds.
The Right Dose	confirm the dosage of meds you are administering the same as the order
The Right Route	comfirm the med you are about to administer cane be given by the way in directed order
Some medications, such as sublingual, enteric-coated, and timed-release preparations,	must not be cut or crushed. Refer to the Institute for Safe Medication Practices (ISMP) website for a "Do Not Crush List."
Sublingual	Medications are placed under the tongue. This route takes advantage of the highly vascularized tissue beneath the tongue, acilitating rapid absorption
Supralingual	Medications are placed on top o the tongue. While less common, this route may be used or certain medications
Buccal:	: Medications are placed between the cheek and the gums. The medication is held in the buccal pouch, where it can dissolve or be absorbed through the cheek's mucosal tissue
Swift Onset of Action	Medications absorbed via the oral mucosa switly enter the bloodstream, resulting in a rapid onset o eect
Elimination of First-Pass Metabolism	Oral cavity administration circumvents rst pass metabolism, ensuring a greater proportion o the drug reaches systemic circulation intact.
Enhanced Bioavailability	By sidestepping 1st-pass metabolism through digestive tract and liver, medications can achieve increased bioavailability with better therapeutic effects.
Improved Adherence	Many individuals and oral cavity drug administration more convenient and less invasive than injections or alternative administration routes. This can lead to better patient compliance with medication.
Mitigation of Gastrointestinal Side Effects	Certain medications can cause gastrointestinal irritation or nausea. Administering medications via the oral cavity can reduce these side effects since they do not come into contact with the stomach or intestines.
Elimination of Needle Usage	Oral cavity administration eliminates the necessity for needles and injections. This is benefcial for individuals with needle phobias or those requiring frequent drug administration.
Disadvantages of Oral Cavity Drug Administration	This route of medication administration is contraindicated for patients who are unconscious, intubated, are experiencing dysphagia or have lost their swallowing reflex
Disadvantages of Oral Cavity Drug Administration Patient cooperation	This route requires the patient's cooperation. Some patients may have diffculty following these instructions or are non-compliant.
Disadvantages of Oral Cavity Drug Administration Taste and tolerability	Some medications may have an unpleasant taste or texture, making them less palatable for patients
Disadvantages of Oral Cavity Drug Administration Variable absorption	Absorption of drugs through the oral mucosa can be inconsistent due to variations in mucosal thickness, blood fow, and the amount of saliva present. This can cause unpredictable drug levels in the bloodstream
Disadvantages of Oral Cavity Drug Administration Limited suitability for large doses	Oral cavity administration is more suitable for medications that require small doses due to the limited surface area available for absorption
Procedural Steps for Medication Administration Via Oral Cavity 1	Assess for any contraindications to the patient receiving medications (NPO status, allergies, patient consciousness, etc). Perform hand hygiene and observe standard precautions
Procedural Steps for Medication Administration Via Oral Cavity 2	Perorm the 5 rights o medication administration. • The Right Patient • The Right Drug • The Right Dose • The Right Time • The Right route
Procedural Steps for Medication Administration Via Oral Cavity 3	Position patient upright to reduce aspiration risk. If unable to sit, help them into a reclined side-lying position. Keep medication in place until fully dissolved. Do not eat, drink, talk. Maintain position for 30 after administration.
Procedural Steps for Medication Administration Via Oral Cavity 4	three primary routes for administering medications through the oral cavity include: 1. Sublingual: 2. Supralingual: 3. Buccal
Procedural Steps for Medication Administration Via Oral Cavity 5	Remain with the patient until the medication is absorbed. Record any side effects of the medication including the intended therapeutic effect. Document the medication administration according to institutional policy and procedure
Procedural Steps for Medication Administration Via Oral Cavity
1. Sublingual:	Medications are placed under the tongue.
2. Supralingual:	Medications are placed on top of the tongue
3. Buccal:	Medications are placed between the cheek and the gums.
Which of the following statements is true regarding the advantages of giving medication oral mucosal route?	Oral cavity administration circumvents rst pass metabolism, ensuringproportion of the drug reaches systemic circulation intact.
Is the following statement TRUE or FALSE? The 5 Rights of Medication Administration should be performed before giving medications the oral mucosal route?	True
Which position should your patient be placed in for the oral mucosal route of medication administration	Sitting upright
Which medication can be given supralingual?	Mycophenolic Acid
Medication errors	in healthcare refer to any preventable event or incident that occurs during the medication management process, resulting in inappropriate medication use or patient harm
Medication errors can occur due to a variety of factors, such as	Communication breakdown Lack of knowledge or training System failures Illegible handwriting Similar drug names Medication administration errors
Prescribing Errors:	Mistakes in prescribing medications, such as incorrect dosage, frequency, or duration of the medication.
Transcription Errors:	Errors that occur when transferring prescription information from the order to the medication administration record or other documentation systems.
Dispensing Errors:	Errors made during the process of preparing and dispensing medications, which may involve incorrect labeling, packaging, or selection of the medication.
Administration Errors:	Mistakes made when administering medications to patients, such as giving the wrong dose, administering via the wrong route, or administering to the wrong patient.
Monitoring Errors:	Failures in monitoring patients' response to medication therapy, such as not recognizing adverse effects or drug interactions.
Efforts to prevent medication errors include	Implementing safety protocols Using technology systems for med management Improving communication among healthcare providers Enhancing medication education Training for healthcare professionals Promoting a culture of safety Open reporting of errors
Ways medical assistants can help prevent medication errors: Accurate Documentation:	MA can contribute to preventing med errors by ensuring accurate and complete doc of pt info, med orders, and med admin details. Clear and thorough doc helps maintain a reliable record and promotes effective communication among providers.
Ways medical assistants can help prevent medication errors: Patient Identification:	MA should follow established protocols for verifying patient identities using 2 pt identifiers, such as name/DOB , before administering meds. This helps ensure that meds are administered to the correct pt and prevents errors due to misidentification.
Ways medical assistants can help prevent medication errors: Medication Reconciliation:	MAs can assist in med reconciliation processes by obtaining/updating pts' med histories, including prescript helps identify potential med errors or interactions and facilitates info decisionmaking by providers.
Ways medical assistants can help prevent medication errors: Patient Education	MA by providing infon and instructions regarding meds. They can assist in explaining the purpose, dosage, admin instructions, and potential side effects of meds, ensuring that patients understand how to take their medications safely and effectively.
Ways medical assistants can help prevent medication errors: Communication and Collaboration:	MAs should maintain open and effective communication with providers, pharmacists, and other members of the team. Clear communication about medication orders, changes, and concerns helps prevent errors and allows for timely interventions if needed.
Response to a Medication Error: Acknowledge and Assess:	Recognize and acknowledge the error. Assess the potential impact on the patient's health and well-being. Take immediate action to mitigate any harm if possible.
Response to a Medication Error: Notify the Supervisor or Healthcare Provider:	Report the medication error to a supervisor or the provider responsible for the patient's care. Provide them with accurate and detailed information about the error, including what happened, when it occurred, and any potential risks to the patient.
Response to a Medication Error: Provide Care and Support:	Take appropriate steps to address the pt's immediate needs and provide necessary care. Monitor the pt closely for any adverse effects or complications resulting from the error. Offer support, reassurance, and clear communication to the pt and their fam.
Response to a Medication Error: . Document and Report:	.Doc med error thoroughly, all relevant details medi involved, the dosage, the circumstances the error, and any actions to rectify the sit. Follow established reporting procedures w/ facility to ensure proper doc and investigation of the incident.
Response to a Medication Error : Learn from the Error:	Reflect on the factors that contributed to the medication error and identify opportunities for improvement. Participate in any incident review or quality improvement processes to understand the underlying causes and prevent similar errors in the future
Incident reports for medication errors are typically intended for internal reporting and analysis purposes to improve systems and processes rather than for disciplinary actions. The main focus is on:	Identifying contributing factors Implementing preventive measures Enhancing patient safety
The primary aim of incident reporting is to	promote a culture of safety and continuous improvement within the healthcare facility.
Cultural Safety	an outcome based on respectful engagement that recognizes and strives to address power imbalances inherent in the health care system. It results in an environment free of racism and discrimination, where people feel safe when receiving health care
Cultural Humility	process of self-reflection to understand personal and systemic conditioned biases, and to develop and maintain respectful processes and relationships based on mutual trust.
Cultural humility involve	s humbly acknowledging oneself as a life-long learner when it comes to understanding another’s experience.
What is Pharmacology?	Study of drugs, actions, dosages, and side effects
Pharmacokinetics vs Pharmacodynamics	Pharmacod is the study of how drugs act on the body in specific cells, tissues, and organs. Pharmacok is the study of the action of drugs within the body based on administration, rate of absorption, duration of action, and elimination from the body.
What are the 5 rights of medication administration?	The right drug, the right patient, the right time, route of administration, the correct dosage
Which route(s) of medication administration is by mouth?	sublingual (under the tongue), buccal (between the cheek and gum), and oral (swallowed tablets, capsules, or liquids).
Medicine administered on the skin via a patch	transdermal
Medication with quickest action	Intravenous (IV) medications
Which of the following is not included in the rules of medication administration? Right time B Right needle C Right form	Right needle
T/F It does not apply when administering meds. The provider must be available for a call when the provider in not in the clinic.	True it doesnt apply for med admin T
Explanation of the possible side effects of a medication would be part of which rights of medication administration?	Right to know is an explanation of possible side effects of a medication and part of the medication rights.
Complete the following sentence, “Medication labels are compared to the provider’s order ________ times throughout the procedure to ensure you are administering the correct medication?”	Medication labels are compared to the provider’s order three times throughout the procedure to ensure you are administering the correct medication. T
Major Classes of Medications Analgesics:	used for pain relief and include opioids (e.g., morphine, oxycodone) and non-opioid pain relievers like nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as ibuprofen and acetaminophen.
Major Classes of Medications Antibiotics:	used to treat bacterial infections and can be classified into different subclasses such as penicillins, cephalosporins, macrolides, and fluoroquinolones.
Major Classes of Medications Antidepressants:	treat depression and other mood disorders. They can include selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), and monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs).
Major Classes of Medications Antihypertensives:	sed to treat high blood pressure (hypertension) and can include classes such as diuretics, beta-blockers, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs), and calcium channel blockers.
Major Classes of Medications Anticoagulant	used to prevent blood clot formation and include drugs such as warfarin, heparin, and direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs)
Major Classes of Medications Antidiabetic Agents	used to manage diabetes and can include oral hypoglycemic agents like metformin, sulfonylureas, and insulin.
Major Classes of Medications Antipsychotics	treat psychotic disorders such as schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. They can be classified as typical antipsychotics (first-generation) or atypical antipsychotics (second-generation).
Major Classes of Medications Anticonvulsants	These medications are used to treat seizures and epilepsy. Examples include drugs like phenytoin, carbamazepine, and valproic acid.
Major Classes of Medications Bronchodilators	used to relax and open up the airways in the lungs, often used in the treatment of respiratory conditions such as asthma and (COPD). They can include short-acting beta-agonists (SABAs), long-acting beta-agonists (LABAs), and anticholinergics
Major Classes of Medications Statins	These medications are used to lower cholesterol levels and reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases. Examples include atorvastatin, simvastatin, and rosuvastatin.
Hypertension, or high blood pressure (BP)	is a primary risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD) and stroke. Its prevalence remains high. Annual screening is recommended for those over 39 or at increased risk.
Antihypertensive drug therapy	refers to the use of medications to treat and manage hypertension, or high blood pressure
antihypertensive drugs: Diuretics:	Diuretics, including thiazide diuretics like hydrochlorothiazide, help reduce blood pressure by increasing the elimination of excess sodium and water from the body, leading to decreased fluid volume and blood pressure.
antihypertensive drugs: Beta-blockers:	Beta-blockers, such as metoprolol and propranolol, work by blocking the effects of adrenaline and reducing the heart rate, thereby decreasing the force of contraction and lowering blood pressure
antihypertensive drugs: ACE inhibitors (Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme inhibitors)	ACE inhibitors, like lisinopril and enalapril, inhibit the production of angiotensin II, a hormone that causes blood vessels to narrow, resulting in vasodilation and reduced blood pressure.
antihypertensive drugs: ARBs (Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers)	ARBs, such as losartan and valsartan, block the action of angiotensin II by binding to its receptors, leading to vasodilation and decreased blood pressure.
antihypertensive drugs: Calcium Channel Blockers:	including amlodipine and diltiazem, block calcium from entering the muscle cells of blood vessels and the heart, causing relaxation and dilation of the vessels, resulting in lowered blood pressure.
antihypertensive drugs: Alpha-blockers:	Alpha-blockers, such as doxazosin and prazosin, block the receptors in certain muscles and tissues, causing relaxation and dilation of blood vessels and lowering blood pressure.
antihypertensive drugs: Direct Renin Inhibitors:	such as aliskiren, work by inhibiting the action of renin, an enzyme involved in the production of angiotensin II, resulting in reduced blood pressure.
It's important to note that the choice of antihypertensive medication depends on various factors, including the	Patient's blood pressure levels Medical history Presence of other medical conditions Individual response to the medication
For safety, teach older adults who take __________ drugs to rise _______ to prevent the effects of orthostatic hypotension. Dizziness may increase the risk of falling.	antihypertensive , slowly
_____________ in fluid volume can be a common problem for older adults. Diuretics can contribute to them. Careful monitoring of fluid balance is important to prevent dehydration.	Deficiencies
Older adults may be more sensitive to medications and need _________ dosages. Monitor them carefully for adverse effects.	lower
Common hypertension complications include	coronary artery disease, atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction (MI), heart failure (HF), stroke, and kidney or eye damage.
hypertrophy	High BP levels may also increase the left ventricle's size,
Over time, elevated BP __________ the small vessels of the heart, brain, kidneys, and retina. The results are a progressive functional impairment of these organs, known as target-organ disease.	damages
Monitor blood studies	(neutrophils, decreased platelets, potassium, and sodium levels)
renal studies	(protein, BUN, creatinine—increased levels may indicate nephrotic syndrome).
__________ __________ ______and presenting signs and symptoms throughout the course of drug therapy because these manifestations' failure to resolve may indicate the need to recapture the site.	Monitor infection site
Provide ___________ __________ to protect the patient if CNS effects (e.g., confusion, disorientation, numbness)	safety measures
__________ patients on drug therapy to promote understanding and compliance.	Educate
Patient Education:	vital role in pt edu by providing info about antihypertensive meds, their purpose, dosing instructions, and potential side effects. Ensure that pts understand the importance of adhering to their med regimen and the significance of regular BP monitoring.
Medication Administration:	in a clinical setting. It is essential to follow proper protocols, accurately measure dosages, and ensure correct medication administration routes. Double-check patient identification and confirm medication orders to prevent errors.
Monitoring and Documentation:	Assist in monitoring and documenting pts' BP readings during appts. This includes accurately recording the measurements, any reported side effects or symptoms, and conveying this information to the healthcare provider for assessment and decision-making.
Appointment Preparation:	Help prepare pts for their appts by ensuring that they are aware of any necessary blood pressure monitoring requirements, such as fasting or medic adjustments before their visit. Coordinate with the provider to ensure a smooth workflow during pt visits.
Patient Follow-up:	Assist in scheduling follow-up appts and reminding patients about upcoming visits or medication refills. Encourage patients to discuss any concerns or changes in their condition during follow-up visits and relay relevant information to the provider.
Patient Support:	Provide empathetic and supportive care to patients dealing with hypertension. Address their questions, concerns, and anxieties regarding their condition and medication therapy. Help facilitate effective communication between patients and providers.
Health Promotion:	Support and reinforce lifestyle modifications recom by the provider, such as dietary changes, exercise routines, and stress reduction techniques. Encourage pts to adopt and maintain a healthy lifestyle to complement their antihypertensive med therapy.
Diabetes is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by	high blood glucose levels, either due to the body's inability to produce or effectively use insulin.
Insulin is a hormone that regulates	the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. Without sufficient insulin or proper utilization of insulin, glucose builds up in the bloodstream, leading to various health complications.
Type 1 Diabetes:	Often diagnosed in childhood or adolescence, is an autoimmune condition where the body's immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys the insulin-producing cells in the pancreas. Individuals with type 1 require lifelong insulin therapy.
Type 2 Diabetes:	Most common,occurs when the body becomes resistant to the effects of insulin or does not produce enough insulin to maintain normal blood glucose levels. often associated with lifestyle factors .managed through lifestyle mods, oral med, insulin therapy.
Gestational Diabetes:	develops during pregnancy and usually resolves after birth. However, women with gestational diabetes are at a higher risk of developing type 2 diabetes later in life. Proper management is crucial to ensure a healthy pregnancy and prevent comp 4 mom&baby.
Common symptoms of diabetes include:	frequent urination, excessive thirst, unexplained weight loss, increased hunger, fatigue, slow healing of wounds, blurred vision, and recurrent infections.
left uncontrolled, diabetes can lead to serious complications	affecting various organ systems, These complications may include cardiovascular diseases, kidney disease, diabetic retinopathy (eye damage), neuropathy (nerve damage), and diabetic foot ulcers.
Effective management of diabetes involves a multidisciplinary approach, including	medical interventions, lifestyle modifications, and self-care practices. Treatment may include insulin therapy, oral medications, blood glucose monitoring, healthy eating habits, regular physical activity, weight management, and regular medical check-ups.
type 1 diabetes cannot be prevented, type 2 diabetes can often be delayed or prevented through	lifestyle modifications. Maintaining a healthy weight, engaging in regular physical activity, consuming a balanced diet, and avoiding tobacco and excessive alcohol intake can significantly reduce the risk of developing type 2 diabetes.
Insulin Therapy	Insulin is prescribed for individuals with type 1 diabetes and some with type 2 diabetes who require it. There are different types of insulin,
different types of insulin,	including rapid-acting, short-acting, intermediate-acting, and long-acting insulin, which can be administered through injections or insulin pumps.
Oral Medications:	available for type 2 diabetes treatment. Metformin is commonly prescribed as it helps reduce glucose production, improve insulin sensitivity, increase glucose uptake by muscles. include sulfonylureas, meglitinides, (TZDs), DPP-4, SGLT-2 and GLP-1
Combination Medications:	Some medications combine two or more classes of drugs to target multiple aspects of diabetes management and improve blood glucose control.
Other Injectable Medications:	Amylin analogs and GLP-1 receptor agonists are available in injectable form. They help regulate blood glucose levels by slowing gastric emptying, reducing glucagon secretion, and promoting insulin release or reducing appetite.
Most commonly prescribed DM medications:	Insulin (long- rapid-acting) Metformin (biguanide class) Glipizide (sulfonylurea class) Glimepiride (sulfonylurea class) Invokana (sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor class) .Jardiance (SGLT2 class) .anuvia (dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitors
What Is Insulin?	a hormone produced by the pancreas that plays a crucial role in regulating blood glucose (sugar) levels in the body.
Facilitating Glucose Uptake	Insulin helps glucose from the bloodstream enter cells to be used as energy. It acts as a "key" that unlocks the cells, allowing glucose to enter and be utilized for various bodily functions.
Regulating Liver Glucose Production:	Insulin signals the liver to decrease the production of glucose. In normal , the liver releases stored Suga into the bloodstream to maintain stable BGL Insulin helps suppress Sugar production and prevents excessive release, helping to prevent high BGL
Promoting Glycogen Storage:	Insulin promotes the storage of excess glucose as glycogen in the liver and skeletal muscles. When BGL drop, glucagon signals the liver to break down its glycogen stores and release glucose into the bloodstream, helping to keep BG within a normal range.
Continuous subcutaneous insulin can be delivered through an insulin pump	an external device about a small cell phone size. Insulin pumps are a viable alternative to pens or needle injections as they provide continuous coverage for blood glucose fluctuations
device for self-administration	Insulin pens have small pre-filled cartridges (typically containing 150 to 300 units) held in a pen-like. A disposable needle is attached for each injection, and the needle should be discarded after use.
Hypercholesterolemia	refers to high levels of cholesterol in the blood. It is a significant risk factor for the development of cardiovascular diseases, including coronary artery disease, heart attacks, and strokes.
Cholesterol and Lipoproteins:	Cholesterol is a waxy, fat-like substance produced by the liver and obtained from dietary sources. It is essential for various bodily functions,Cholesterol is transported in the blood as lipoprotein low-density lipoprotein and high-density lipoprotein
LDL Cholesterol:	often referred to as "bad" cholesterol. High levels of LDL cholesterol can lead to the buildup of plaque in the arteries, causing atherosclerosis. This narrows the blood vessels, reduces blood flow, and increases the risk of cardiovascular diseases.
HDL Cholesterol:	known as "good" cholesterol. It helps remove excess cholesterol from the bloodstream and transports it back to the liver for excretion. Higher levels of HDL cholesterol are associated with a reduced risk of cardiovascular diseases.
Hypercholesterolemia can be caused by various factors, including	genetic predisposition, poor diet, sedentary lifestyle, obesity, and certain medical conditions such as diabetes and hypothyroidism. Smoking and excessive alcohol consumption can also contribute to elevated cholesterol levels.
Hypercholesterolemia is typically diagnosed through	blood test called a lipid panel. This test measures total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, and triglyceride levels. The American Heart Association recommends lipid screening starting at age 20 and regular monitoring every four to six years.
The primary goal of hypercholesterolemia management is to	Lower LDL cholesterol levels and reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases. Lifestyle modifications play a crucial rolea heart-healthy diet, regular physical activity, maintaining a healthy weight, and quitting smoking. Meds, such as statins
Hypercholesterolemia management takes into account an individual's overall cardiovascular risk. Factors such	as age, gender, blood pressure, smoking status, and presence of other medical conditions are considered to determine the appropriate treatment approach.
Composition of Saturated Fats:	Saturated fats are typically found in animal-based foods such as fatty cuts of meat, full-fat dairy products, and tropical oils like coconut and palm oil. These fats have a specific chemical structure with predominantly saturated fatty acids
Role of LDL Cholesterol:	l is a lipoprotein that transports cholesterol from the liver to various tissues in the body. However, when LDL cholesterol levels are high, it can lead to the buildup of plaque in the arteries, narrowing them and potentially causing cardiovascular
Impact of Saturated Fats:	Consuming saturated fats can increase the levels of LDL cholesterol in the bloodstream. When we consume saturated fats, our liver produces more LDL cholesterol. leads to higher LDL cholesterol levels, increases the risk of plaque formation in the arteries
By reducing the intake of ________ ____and opting for healthier fat sources, individuals can promote better cardiovascular health and manage LDL cholesterol levels effectively.	saturated fats
Lipid Profile / Panel	Their density classifies the particles measured with a lipid panel into high-density lipoproteins (HDL), low-density lipoproteins (LDL), and very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDL).
Anti-hyperlipidemic agents are	medications used to lower elevated levels of lipids, such as cholesterol and triglycerides, in the blood
different classes of anti-hyperlipidemic agents	statins, fibrates, bile acid sequestrants, ezetimibe, and PCSK9 inhibitors.
Mechanism of Action:	example, statins inhibit cholesterol synthesis, while fibrates increase triglyceride breakdown and bile acid sequestrants bind to bile acids in the intestine, reducing LDL cholesterol.
The primary goal of anti-hyperlipidemic therapy is to reduce	the risk of cardiovascular diseases by lowering LDL cholesterol to target levels based on individual risk assessments.
Regular monitoring of lipid levels and lifestyle modifications, such as	as a heart-healthy diet and regular exercise, are important aspects of anti-hyperlipidemic therapy.
Adverse effects can vary among different medications and may include	muscle-related side effects, liver abnormalities, gastrointestinal symptoms, and potential drug interactions
Treatment decisions are based on individual patient factors, including	lipid profile, overall cardiovascular risk, comorbidities, and patient preferences.
Statin therapy is a widely used approach for managing	dyslipidemia and reducing the risk of cardiovascular diseases. Statins are a class of anti-hyperlipidemic agents that effectively lower LDL cholesterol levels
Statins are primarily prescribed to lower	LDL cholesterol, often referred to as "bad" cholesterol, which contributes to the development of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular diseases.
Statins work by inhibiting an	enzyme called HMG-CoA reductase, which plays a crucial role in cholesterol synthesis in the liver. By blocking this enzyme, statins reduce the production of cholesterol, resulting in lower LDL cholesterol levels.
By lowering LDL cholesterol, statins help reduce the risk of	heart attacks, other cardiovascular events. been proven to be effective in primary prevention (preventing initial cardiovascular events) and secondary prevention (preventing recurrent events) in individuals with existing cardiovascular disease.
Several statins are available, including	atorvastatin, simvastatin, rosuvastatin, and pravastatin. These medications may vary in terms of potency, dosage, and potential drug interactions
Regular monitoring of liver function tests and lipid levels is recommended during statin therapy. Common side effects may include	muscle-related symptoms such as myalgia, but these occur infrequently. Serious adverse effects are rare.
Statin therapy is usually complemented by lifestyle modifications, including	heart-healthy diet, regular physical activity, smoking cessation, and weight management. These modifications work synergistically with statins to improve lipid profiles and overall cardiovascular health
The decision to initiate statin therapy is based on individual risk assessment, including factors such as	age, lipid profile, overall cardiovascular risk, and comorbidities. Treatment goals and specific statin selection may vary for each patient.
Evaluate the therapeutic response to medication.	Administer medication as prescribed.
Assess cholesterol blood level, liver function studies, and renal function studies in patients with a	compromised renal system.
Antibiotics are medications used to	treat bacterial infections by inhibiting bacterial growth or killing bacteria.
Common Causes of Antibiotic Use Bacterial Infection	1. Respiratory Tract Infections (e.g., pneumonia, bronchitis, sinusitis) 2. Urinary Tract Infections 3. Skin and Soft Tissue Infections (e.g., cellulitis, abscesses) 4. Gastrointestinal Infections (e.g., bacterial gastroenteritis)
Common Causes of Antibiotic Use Bacterial Infection	Sexually Transmitted Infections (e.g., chlamydia, gonorrhea) 6. Bone and Joint Infections 7. Bacterial Meningitis 8. Dental Infections Surgical Prophylaxis
Common Causes of Antibiotic Use Prevention of Infection in High-Risk Patients	. Immunocompromised Patients 2. Patients with Artificial Heart Valves 3. Patients undergoing Organ Transplantation 4. Cancer Patients receiving Chemotherapy 5. Patients with Severe Burns
Common Causes of Antibiotic Use Empiric Therapy	Treatment initiated before specific pathogens are identified 2. Common in severe infections or when waiting for lab results 3. Prescribing broad-spectrum antibiotics Prophylaxis in Medical Procedures
Common Causes of Antibiotic Use Empiric Therapy	Preventing infection before certain medical procedures 2. Dental procedures in patients with heart conditions 3. Surgery to prevent surgical site infections
Definition: Antibiotics are	medications used to treat bacterial infections by inhibiting bacterial growth or killing bacteria.
Common Classes: Antibiotics can be classified into different classes, including	penicillins, cephalosporins, macrolides, tetracyclines, fluoroquinolones, and sulfonamides. Each class has unique characteristics and mechanisms of action.
Indications: Antibiotics are prescribed for various bacterial infections, such as	respiratory tract infections, urinary tract infections, skin and soft tissue infections, sexually transmitted infections, and gastrointestinal infections.
Spectrum of Activity: Antibiotics can have a	broad spectrum (effective against a wide range of bacteria) or a narrow spectrum (targeting specific types of bacteria). Understanding the spectrum of activity helps determine appropriate treatment options.
Modes of Action: Antibiotics target specific bacterial processes, including	cell wall synthesis, protein synthesis, DNA replication, or metabolic pathways. These actions either inhibit bacterial growth or kill the bacteria directly.
Prescription and Administration: Antibiotics are prescribed by healthcare professionals based on	the type of infection, susceptibility of the bacteria, patient factors, and prescribing guidelines. As a medical assistant, you may assist in documenting antibiotic prescriptions and educating patients on proper administration.
Adverse Effects and Monitoring: Antibiotics can have side effects such as	gastrointestinal disturbances, allergic reactions, or adverse effects on organs. Monitoring for side effects and patient education on potential symptoms are essential responsibilities.
Compliance and Follow-Up:	Encouraging pts to complete the full course of antibiotics as prescribed is vital to ensure effective treatment and prevent antibiotic resistance. Assisting in scheduling follow-up appointments for monitoring and evaluation is also part of the MAs role.
Infection Control: Understanding proper infection control measures, such as	hand hygiene and isolation precautions, helps prevent the spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and healthcare-associated infections.
Collaboration and Documentation: As a medical assistant,	effective communication and collaboration with healthcare professionals, including nurses and physicians, regarding antibiotic administration and patient progress are essential. Documenting relevant information accurately and maintaining pt records is
Antibiotic resistance occurs when	bacteria develop the ability to survive and grow despite the presence of antibiotics. The misuse or overuse of antibiotics, taking them for viral infections, accelerates the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, making infections harder to treat.
Diagnostic Uncertainty:	challenge of distinguishing between bacterial and viral infections can contribute to the overprescribing of antibiotics. overlapping symptoms, physicians may prescribe antibiotics as a precautionary measure when the cause of the infection is uncertain.
Penicillins Amoxicillin, Ampicillin	Broad spectrum, effective against many gram-positive and some gram-negative bacteria
Cephalosporins Cephalexin, Ceftriaxone	Broad spectrum, effective against many gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria
Macrolides Azithromycin, Erythromycin	Broad spectrum, effective against atypical bacteria and some gram-positive bacteria
Tetracyclines Doxycycline, Minocycline	Broad spectrum, effective against many gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, as well as certain atypical bacteria
Fluoroquinolones Ciprofloxacin, Levofloxacin	Broad spectrum, effective against many gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, including some drug-resistant strains
Sulfonamides Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole (Co-trimoxazole)	Broad spectrum, effective against many gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria
group of antibiotics that specifically target the cell wall of bacteria, leading to their destruction.	These bactericidal antibiotics encompass penicillins, cephalosporins, carbapenems, and monobactams. They exert their antimicrobial effects by interfering with crucial processes involved in cell wall synthesis.
Tetracycline antibiotics, a group of broad-spectrum antibiotics, exert their pharmacological action by interfering witH	bacterial protein synthesis.
Tetracycline's pharmacologic action involves	nhibiting bacterial protein synthesis by blocking the binding of aminoacyl-tRNA to the ribosome's A-site.This disruption of the translation process leads to the inhibition of bacterial growth and reproduction,
Other Tetracycline Medications : Doxycycline:	Broad-spectrum antibiotic with enhanced efficacy and longer half-life compared to tetracycline. - TX of respiratory tract infections, skin and soft tissue infections, Lyme disease, and acne. - Often chosen for its once-daily dosing convenience.
Other Tetracycline Medications :Minocycline:	Broad-spectrum antibiotic with excellent tissue penetration and anti-inflammatory properties. - TX of respiratory tract infections, acne, and certain STIs - May be effective against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections.
Other Tetracycline Medications : Demeclocycline:	- Primarily used for the management of the (SIADH), a condition characterized by excessive water retention. - Has limited antimicrobial use due to decreased effectiveness against many bacteria compared to other tetracyclines.
Aminoglycosides are a class of antibiotics used	mainly in the treatment of aerobic gram-negative bacilli infections, although they are also effective against other bacteria including Staphylococci and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. They are often used in combination with other antibiotics
Carbapenems	They are a relatively new class of broad spectrum antibiotics effective against gram positive and gram negative bacteria.
Cephalosporins	These were first introduced in the 1960s. There are currently four generations of cephalosporins, each with specific spectrum of activity. These drugs are like Penicillin in structure and activity.
Cephalosporins are not usually used as a first-choice antibiotic. They tend to be	reserved for use when other antibiotics (often penicillin) cannot be used
Penicillin and Penicillinase-Resistant Antibiotics	1st antibiotic introduced for clinical use. Various modifications were subsequently made to address resistant strains and to decrease drug adverse effects. Penicillinase-resistant antibiotics were developed to address penicillin-resistant bacteria
Aminopen-icillins Amoxicillin Ampicillin Amoxil, Moxatag Principen	Most gram-positive bacteria, some gram-negative bacteria (such as E. coli and H. influenzae)
Anti-pseudom onal Penicillin Piperacillin Pipracil	Most gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, Antipseudomonal and antiprotozoal activity and is usually given with a beta lactamase.
Sulfonamides are	drugs that inhibit folic acid synthesis
Tetracyclines	are a group of broad-spectrum antibiotic compounds that have a common basic structure and are either isolated directly from several species of Streptomyces bacteria or produced semi-synthetically from those isolated compounds
Analgesics are a class of medications designed to	reduce or eliminate pain. They work by targeting the pain pathways in the body, either by altering pain perception in the brain or by inhibiting the release of pain-inducing substances.
Types of Analgesics: Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs):	These analgesics, such as ibuprofen and aspirin, work by reducing inflammation and blocking the production of pain-inducing substances called prostaglandins.
Types of Analgesics: Opioids	morphine, codeine, and oxycodone, work by binding to opioid receptors in the brain and spinal cord, blocking pain signals and providing potent pain relief. Opioids are typically used for moderate to severe pain but carry a risk of dependence and misuse.
Types of Analgesics: Adjuvant Analgesics	These are medications that are not primarily designed for pain relief but can enhance the analgesic effects of other drugs. They include certain antidepressants, anticonvulsants, and muscle relaxants.
Analgesics are used to manage pain resulting from various conditions, such as	headaches, muscle aches, arthritis, post-operative pain, injury, or chronic pain conditions. The choice of analgesic depends on the type and severity of pain, underlying condition, and patient characteristics.
Analgesics are available in various forms, including	tablets, capsules, liquids, patches, and injections. The route of administration depends on the specific analgesic and the patient's needs. Some analgesics are available over-the-counter (OTC), while others require a prescription.
analgesics can have side effects	NSAIDs may cause gastrointestinal discomfort, ulcers, or kidney problems. Opioids can lead to drowsiness, constipation, respiratory depression, and the risk of addiction. Adjuvant analgesics may have side effects specific to their respective drug classe
Safety Considerations: use of analgesics.	proper dosing instructions and adhere to recommended guidelines for the use. Pts should be aware of potential interactions with other meds and inform their providers of any existing medical conditions, allergies, or history of substance abuse.
Pharmacology	is the study of drugs and their origins, properties, preparation, usage, and effects on the body.
Drug Origin	Most drugs are synthetically produced. Some are made from natural resources such as plants, animals, or minerals.
Drug Effects	A drug works to treat, prevent, or diagnose a disease, maintain health, or improve quality of life.
Drug Classification	Understanding classifications helps identify proper usage, contraindications, and common side effects.
MA Responsibilities	Medical assistants are involved from taking medication history to administration, per facility guidelines and state laws.
Right medication	Verify the correct drug- many drugs are spelled and sounds alike
Right Route	Verify route : oral . sublingual . Intramuscular, or subcutaneous
Right Form	verify the correct drug - many drugs are spelled and sound alike
Right does	Ensure correct strength ; a drug calculation maybe necessary
Right Time	Administer at the correct time ; typically at time of visit in office settings
Right Patient	Confirm patient identify using 2 identifiers
Right Technique	Use proper administration technique for medication type
Right Education	Educate patient on side effects and adverse reaction
Right Documentation	Document everything properly in the patient's record.
IMPORTANT SAFETY NOTES	Dont administer meds if the pt has allergies. Routinely ask about latex, adhesive bandage, and skin prep allergies. Pts should wait 20–30 mins post-administration to monitor for reactions, with a provider present. Call if fever, rash, chills w/in 48hr.
Oral medications include	tablets, capsules, and liquids. Follow each step of the procedure below.
ORAL MEDICATION ADMINISTRATION STEP 1 CHECK EHR	Check the patient's electronic health record for the reason for visit and any orders. Check for drug allergies to avoid a potentially life-threatening emergency.
ORAL MEDICATION ADMINISTRATION STEP 2 CHECK DRUG ALLERGIES	Verify the patient's allergy history. Ask about allergies to latex, adhesive bandages, or skin preparations. Medication should not be administered if the patient is allergic.
ORAL MEDICATION ADMINISTRATION STEP 3 Perform Hand Hygiene	Before handling any medications, perform hand hygiene to prevent contamination.
ORAL MEDICATION ADMINISTRATION STEP 4 Verify Medication Rights	Pull medications from storage and perform first medication check. Verify right medication, right form, right dose, right route, and right time.
ORAL MEDICATION ADMINISTRATION STEP 5 Confirm Scope of Practice	Determine whether administering this specific medication is within your scope of practice as defined by the state medical board and your facility.
ORAL MEDICATION ADMINISTRATION STEP 6 Review Medication Information	Review the package insert for indications, usual dose, intended route, storage requirements, and safety precautions including adverse reactions.
ORAL MEDICATION ADMINISTRATION STEP 7 Calculate Dosage	Determine the amount to be given and calculate correctly using appropriate math conversions and drug formulas.
ORAL MEDICATION ADMINISTRATION STEP 8 Assemble Supplies	Gather water (some medications require 8 oz), medication cups, and any specific supplies. Label cups if administering multiple medications
TABLET PREPARATION TIPS	Label meds cups if administering more than one meds. • Transfer pills from bottle to cap, then to cup — once in the cup, pills cannot go back. • Replace cap without contaminating inner surfaces. • For blister packs, open only in patient's presence.
INJECTABLE MEDICATION PREPARATION ; 1	Check EHR Verify the patient's record for orders and allergy information.
INJECTABLE MEDICATION PREPARATION ; 2	Verify Medication Rights Perform first medication check against all nine rights.
INJECTABLE MEDICATION PREPARATION 3	Confirm Scope of Practice Ensure administration is within your authorized scope.
INJECTABLE MEDICATION PREPARATION 4	Review Medication Details Check package insert for indications, route, and precautions.
INJECTABLE MEDICATION PREPARATION 5	Calculate Dosage Determine the correct amount and perform calculations.
INJECTABLE MEDICATION PREPARATION 6	Gather Supplies Collect all required supplies for the injection procedure.
Analgesics	Drugs that relieve pain. There are two main types: non-narcotic analgesics for mild pain, and narcotic analgesics for severe pain
Antianxiety Drugs	Drugs that suppress anxiety and relax muscles (sometimes called anxiolytics, sedatives, or minor tranquilizers).
Antiarrhythmics	Drugs used to control irregularities of heartbeat
Antibiotics	made from naturally occurring and synthetic substances that combat bacterial infection. Some antibiotics are effective only against limited types of bacteria. Others, known as broad spectrum antibiotics, are effective against a wide range of bacteria.
Anticoagulants and Thrombolytics	Anticoagulants prevent blood from clotting. Thrombolytics help dissolve and disperse blood clots and may be prescribed for patients with recent arterial or venous thrombosis.
Anticonvulsants	Drugs that prevent epileptic seizures.
Antidepressants	There are three main groups of mood-lifting antidepressants: tricyclics, monoamine oxidase inhibitors, and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
Antifungals	Drugs used to treat fungal infections, the most common of which affect the hair, skin, nails, or mucous membranes.
Antihistamines	Drugs used primarily to counteract the effects of histamine, one of the chemicals involved in allergic reactions.
Antihypertensives	Drugs that lower blood pressure. The types of antihypertensives currently marketed include diuretics, beta-blockers, calcium channel blocker, ACE (angiotensin- converting enzyme) inhibitors, centrally acting antihypertensives and sympatholytics.
Anti-Inflammatories	Drugs used to reduce inflammation – the redness, heat, swelling, and increased blood flow found in infections and in many chronic noninfective diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and gout.
Antipsychotics	Drugs used to treat symptoms of severe psychiatric disorders. These drugs are sometimes called major tranquilizers.
Antipyretics	Drugs that reduce fever.
Antivirals	drugs used to treat viral infections or to provide temporary protection against infections such as influenza.
Beta-Blockers	Beta-adrenergic blocking agents, or beta-blockers for short, reduce the oxygen needs of the heart by reducing heartbeat rate.
Bronchodilators	Drugs that open the bronchial tubes within the lungs when the tubes have become narrowed by muscle spasm. Bronchodilators ease breathing in diseases such as asthma.
Corticosteroids	hormonal preparations are used primarily as anti-inflammatories in arthritis or asthma or as immunosuppressives, but they are also useful for treating some malignancies or compensating for a deficiency of natural hormones in disorders
Hypoglycemics (Oral)	Drugs that lower the level of glucose in the blood. Oral hypoglycemic drugs are used in diabetes mellitus if it cannot be controlled by diet alone, but does require treatment with injections of insulin
Schedule I drugs	substances, or chemicals are defined as drugs with no currently accepted medical use and a high potential for abuse. Some examples of Schedule I drugs are: heroin, (LSD), marijuana (cannabis), (ecstasy), methaqualone, and peyote.
Schedule II drugs	, substances, or chemicals are defined as drugs with a high potential for abuse, with use potentially leading to severe psychological or physical dependence. meperidine (Demerol), oxycodone (OxyContin), fentanyl,
Schedule III drugs	substances, or chemicals are defined as drugs with a moderate to low potential for physical and psychological dependence. Schedule III drugs abuse potential is less than Schedule I and Schedule II drugs but more than Schedule IV.
Schedule IV drugs,	substances, or chemicals are defined as drugs with a low potential for abuse and low risk of dependence. Some examples of Schedule IV drugs are: Xanax, Soma, Darvon, Darvocet, Valium,
Schedule V drugs	lower potential for abuse than Schedule IV and consist of preparations containing limited quantities of certain narcotics. Schedule V drugs are generally used for antidiarrheal, antitussive, and analgesic purposes
Oral	Pills, capsules, syrups, elixirs, and lozenges are all examples of oral medications. However, not all medications given orally are absorbed by the digestive tract. Medications for mucosal absorption may be given sublingually or in the buccal mucosa
Inhalation	Metered dose inhalers, dry powder inhalers, nebulizers, as well as oxygen by nasal cannula or mask are all examples of inhaled medications. Because the medication is delivered right to the site of action, these medications work very quickly
Topical	Creams, ointments, gels, are all forms of topical medication. These are applied directly to the skin for absorption. Keep in mind that occluding a topical medication with clothing or bandages may enhance its systemic absorption
Instillation	used for delivery of a med by drops. Instillation can be used for the eyes, the ears, or the nose. Ex.eye drops for allergies or infection or ear drops for pain or infection
Transdermal	l patches deliver medication topically, but usually do so slowly overtime. Examples include Fentanyl patches for pain and estrogen patches for hormone replacement therapy
Vaginal	Medications delivered vaginally typically come in the form of suppositories, pills, or creams. The vaginal ring may also be used as a form of contraception. These all deliver their effect via mucosal absorption of the vagina
Rectal	The rectum provides a mucosal surface for drug absorption that typically produces a rapid effect using smaller medication doses. This is because medications given by this route bypass metabolism in the liver.
Injections Subcutaneous (SQ)-	The medication is injected into the subcutaneous fat. An example of a drug that is delivered SQ is insulin.
Injections Intramuscular (IM)-	The medication is injected into the muscle belly itself. An example of an IM drug is corticosteroid, such as dexamethasone
Injections Intradermal (ID)	The medication is injected very superficially into the dermis, or second layer of skin. The most common use of ID injection is for delivery of PPD, known as the Mantoux test for tuberculosis
1 cc is the equivalent to	1ml
1 teaspoon (abbreviated as tsp) contains	5cc's
1 tablespoon (abbreviated as tbsp) contains	15 cc's
Drugs that prevent and treat infections	Anti-infectives are medicines that work to prevent or treat infections, they include antibacterials, antivirals, antifungals and antiparasitic medications.
Drugs that prevent and treat bacterial infections	Antibiotics include a range of powerful drugs that kill bacteria or slow their growth. They treat bacterial infections, not viruses.
Drugs that relieve pain without causing anesthesia	An analgesic is a medicine that relieves pain.These drugs can be sold as an over-the-counter (OTC) or prescription drug
Drugs that prevent vomiting	An antiemetic is a drug that is effective against vomiting and nausea.

Created by: CATCCMA

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