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Study Stack Ch. 10
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Communication | The process of sharing information. |
| Communicative function | Acts of communication, such as requesting, rejecting, commenting, arguing, and reasoning. |
| Communication disorders | Impairments in the ability to use speech or language to communicate. |
| Language | An arbitrary code or system of symbols to communicate meaning. |
| Expressive language | Encoding or sending messages in communication. |
| Receptive language | Decoding or understanding messages in communication. |
| Speech | The formation and sequencing of oral language sounds during communication. |
| Augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) | Alternative forms of communication that do not use the oral sounds of speech or that augment the use of speech. |
| Speech disorders | Oral communication that involves abnormal use of the vocal apparatus, is unintelligible, or is so inferior that it draws attention to itself and causes anxiety, feelings of inadequacy, or inappropriate behavior in the speaker. |
| Language disorders | Oral communication that involves a lag in the ability to understand and express ideas, putting linguistic skill behind an individual’s development in other areas, such as motor, cognitive, or social development. |
| Phonology | The study of how individual sounds make up words. |
| Morphology | The study within psycholinguistics of word formation; how adding or deleting parts of words changes their meaning. |
| Syntax | The way words are joined together to structure meaningful sentences; grammar. |
| Semantics | The study of the meanings attached to words and sentences. |
| Pragmatics | The study within psycholinguistics of how people use language in social situations; emphasizes the functional use of language rather than the mechanics. |
| Speech-language pathologist (SLP) | Speech-language pathologists work with individuals who have disorders related to speech, language, communication, swallowing, voice, or fluency. SLPs may work in the heath care profession or in schools. SLPs assess, diagnose, and treat individuals with sp |
| Dialects | A variation of a language that differs from the standard language based on phonology, vocabulary, or grammar. Dialects may be distinct to members of a particular group (e.g., ethnic group, regional group). |
| Receptive language | Decoding or understanding messages in communication. |
| Expressive language | Encoding or sending messages in communication. |
| Primary language disorder | A language disorder that has no known cause. |
| Secondary language disorder | A language disorder that is caused by another disorder or disability, such as intellectual disabilities, hearing impairment, or brain injury. |
| Specific language impairment (SLI) | A language disorder with no identifiable cause; language disorder not attributable to hearing impairment, intellectual disabilities, brain dysfunction, or other plausible cause; also called specific language disability. |
| Developmental language disorder | A neurodevelopmental language disorder that has no identifiable cause; it is unexpected and unexplained by physical or cognitive factors. |
| Early expressive language delay (EELD) | A significant lag in the development of expressive language that is apparent by age 2. |
| Language-based reading impairment | A reading problem that is based on a language problem. |
| Phonological disorders | A disorder that occurs in children who are younger than 9 years old that results in the impaired ability to produce sounds in the child’s own language. |
| Phonological awareness | The ability to understand that speech flow can be broken into smaller sound units such as words, syllables, and phonemes; lack of such awareness is generally thought to be the reason for the reading problems of many students with learning disabilities. |
| Larynx | The structure in the throat containing the vocal apparatus (vocal cords); laryngitis is a temporary loss of voice caused by inflammation of the larynx. |
| Aphonia | Loss of voice. |
| Resonance | The quality of the sound imparted by the size, shape, and texture of the organs in the vocal tract. |
| Cleft palate | A condition in which there is a rift or split in the upper part of the oral cavity; may include the upper lip (cleft lip). |
| Dysfluencies | Hesitations, repetitions, and other disruptions of normal speech flow. |
| Stuttering | Speech characterized by abnormal hesitations, prolongations, and repetitions; may be accompanied by grimaces, gestures, or other bodily movements indicative of a struggle to speak, anxiety, blocking of speech, or avoidance of speech. |
| Dysarthria | A condition in which brain damage causes impaired control of the muscles used in articulation. |
| Apraxia | The inability to plan and coordinate speech. |
| Developmental apraxia | A disorder of speech or language involving problems in motor planning such that the child has difficulty in producing speech sounds and organizing words and word sounds for effective communication. The cause may be unknown. |
| Acquired apraxia | As in developmental apraxia, there are problems in motor planning such that the child has difficulty in producing speech sounds and organizing words and word sounds for effective communication. However, the problem is known to be caused by neurological da |
| Decoding | The ability to convert print to spoken language; dependent on phonemic awareness and understanding of the alphabetic principles; a significant problem for many people with reading disabilities. |
| Dynamic assessments | An interactive assessment process that involves ongoing analysis of student learning in response to an intervention. |
| Curriculum-based language and communication assessment (CBLA) | Curriculum-based assessment that focuses on speech, language, and communication skills needed to learn the school curriculum. |
| Prelinguistic communication | Communication through gestures and noises before the child has learned oral language. |
| Milieu teaching | A naturalistic approach to language intervention in which the goal is to teach functional language skills in a natural environment. |
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