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Biology (Cells)
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| MRS GREN | Movement, Respiration, Sensitivity, Growth, Reproduction, Excretion, Nutrition |
| Cell | Smallest unit of life, structural unit for all other life |
| Prokaryote | Single-celled organism, simple structure, lacks membrane-bound organelles and a distinct nucleus |
| Mitochondria | Organelle found in Cytoplasm, "powerhouse" of the cell, and the site for aerobic cellular respiration |
| Ribosomes | Site of protein synthesis |
| Chloroplast | Organelle in plant Cytoplasm that contains Chlorophyll, helps store Carbohydrates, and aids in Photosynthesis |
| Lysosome | Organelle containing digestive enzymes, found in Cytoplasm |
| Organelle | "Little organ" that serves as a compartment in the cell |
| Eukaryote | Complex cell with a nucleus, membrane, and organelles that is bigger than a Prokaryote |
| Cytosol | Part of the Cytoplasm, contains dissolved substances and fluid material, but no organelles |
| Cytoplasm | Mix of fluid, organelles, and dissolved material. Found between Plasma and Nuclear membranes |
| Plasma Membrane | Sturdy boundary of living cells, maintains contents and controls substances entering and exiting the cell |
| Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) | Eukaryotic organelle made of membrane sheets that divide the Cytoplasm into channels. Site of lipid synthesis. |
| Nucleus | Organelle that controls genetic info and protein synthesis |
| Golgi Apparatus | Group of membranes that pack substances into vesicles to be released from the cell. |
| Bacterium | Unicellular prokaryotic organism with a cell wall, consisting of one biological cell |
| Endocytosis | Process where cells take substances from outside themselves by engulfing them in a vesicle from the cell membrane |
| Exocytosis | Process where cells expel substances by fusing vesicles with the plasma membrane |
| Vesicles | Cell-bound sacs that are surrounded by membranes which separate their contents from the fluid environment of the cell. They contain and transport substances. |
| Passive transport | Process where molecules move around the cell membrane without needing energy |
| ATP | Adenosine triphosphate |
| Glycolysis | Stage 1 of cellular respiration. Glucose is broken down into pyruvate. Produces a small amount of ATP. |
| Cellular respiration | Metabolic process taking place in the mitochondria, biochemical energy is converted from nutrients to ATP |
| Isotonic solution | Solute concentration is equal inside and outside of the cell, meaning there is no net movement of water |
| Hypertonic solution | Solute concentration is higher outside of the cell, which results in water leaving the cell to balance the solute concentration and the cell shrinking |
| Hypotonic solution | Solute concentration is higher inside the cell, resulting in water entering the cell and making it swell or burst |
| Osmosis | The movement of water molecules from an area of low solute to high solute concentration in order to provide equal solute inside and outside the cell |
| Amino acids | Building blocks of proteins |
| Enzymes | Catalysts that accelerate chemical reactions and break down substances |
| Active transport | Molecules move across the cell membrane with energy, typically from ATP |
| Carbohydrate | Organic compound made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen that serves as the body's primary source of energy |
| Monosaccharide | Simplest carbohydrate that consists of sugars, glucose, fructose, and galactose which are absorbed immediately and provide a fast source of energy. Building block for polysaccharide. |
| Polysaccharide | Large molecule made up of Monosaccharides. Consists of starches and fiber which take longer to digest and provide a sustained form of energy. aka. complex carbohydrate. |
| Substrate | A substance or surface that acts as a stable environment for chemical reactions |
| pH | Measurement of acidity or basicity/alkalinity of a solution ranging from 0-14. 7 is neutral, less than 7 is acidic, and above 7 is alkalinity |
| Fermentation | Anaerobic metabolic process which converts carbohydrates into energy, acids, gases, or alcohol without oxygen |
| Anaerobic | No oxygen |
| Aerobic | Involves oxygen |
| Photosynthesis | Process in which plants convert sunlight into chemical energy to supply themselves |
| Yeast | Single-celled fungi that converts sugars into carbon dioxide during fermentation |
| Biomacromolecule | Large molecule made of several smaller units, plays a role in the structure, function, and regulation of cells |
| Lipids | Fats that source energy |
| Cellulose | Complex carbohydrate found in plant cell walls. |
| Cell wall | Rigid structural layer found on the outside of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells |
| Stroma | Structural component of tissues and organs in chloroplasts |
| Thylakoid membrane | Lipid-protein membrane that forms sac compartments called thylakoids |
| Light-dependent reaction | First stage of photosynthesis where sunlight is converted into energy, which is then converted into ATP. Takes place in the thylakoid membrane. |
| Light-independent reaction | Carbon dioxide is fixed into molecules without the help of sunlight. Takes place in the stroma. |
| Pathogen | Microorganism that causes disease |
| Mitochondrion |
Created by:
Sylvester!