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Biology STAAR Review

STAAR Prep - Biology Freshman

QuestionAnswer
What are the four types of biomolecules? Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, and Nucleic Acids.
What is the primary function of a carbohydrate? To provide a quick source of energy for the cell.
What are the monomers of carbohydrates? Monosaccharides (simple sugars).
Which biomolecule is used for long-term energy storage and insulation? Lipids.
What are the building blocks of lipids? Glycerol and fatty acids.
What is the primary function of proteins? To build cell structures and act as enzymes (catalysts).
What are the monomers (building blocks) of proteins? Amino acids.
What is the function of an enzyme? To speed up chemical reactions by lowering activation energy.
Which biomolecule stores and transmits genetic information? Nucleic Acids (DNA and RNA).
What are the monomers of nucleic acids? Nucleotides.
What is the main difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells? Eukaryotes have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles; prokaryotes do not.
Which organelle is the "brain" or control center of the cell? Nucleus.
Which organelle is responsible for making proteins? Ribosome.
Which organelle provides energy for the cell through cellular respiration? Mitochondrion.
Which organelle is the site of photosynthesis in plant cells? Chloroplast.
What is the function of the cell membrane? To regulate what enters and leaves the cell (semi-permeable).
What is the function of the cell wall in plants? To provide structure, support, and protection.
What is passive transport? Movement of molecules from high to low concentration without using energy.
What is osmosis? The diffusion of water across a semi-permeable membrane.
What is active transport? Movement of molecules from low to high concentration using ATP (energy).
What happens during the S phase of the cell cycle? DNA is replicated (doubled).
What are the stages of mitosis in the correct order? Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase (PMAT).
What is the result of mitosis? Two genetically identical diploid daughter cells.
What is the result of uncontrolled cell growth? Cancer or tumors.
What are the three components of a DNA nucleotide? Deoxyribose sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.
Which nitrogen bases pair together in DNA? Adenine with Thymine; Cytosine with Guanine.
What is the shape of a DNA molecule? Double Helix.
What is the "universal" genetic code? The sequence of nitrogen bases is the same for all living organisms.
What is transcription? The process of copying a DNA sequence into mRNA.
Where does transcription take place? In the nucleus.
What is translation? The process of using mRNA to assemble a chain of amino acids (protein).
Where does translation take place? In the cytoplasm at the ribosome.
What is a mutation? A change in the DNA sequence.
What is a frameshift mutation? An insertion or deletion that shifts the reading frame of the genetic message.
What is the result of meiosis? Four genetically unique haploid gametes (sperm or egg).
What is "crossing over" in meiosis? The exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes to increase variation.
What is a genotype? The genetic makeup of an organism (represented by letters like Aa).
What is a phenotype? The physical appearance or trait of an organism (like Blue eyes).
What does homozygous mean? Having two of the same alleles (AA or aa).
What does heterozygous mean? Having two different alleles (Aa).
What is the primary purpose of a Monohybrid Punnett Square? To predict the probability of a single trait in offspring.
What does FOIL stand for in dihybrid genetics? First, Outer, Inner, Last.
If a trait is recessive, when will it show up in the phenotype? Only if the individual has two recessive alleles (aa).
What is Natural Selection? The survival and reproduction of individuals best suited to their environment.
What is an adaptation? An inherited trait that increases an organism's chance of survival.
How do homologous structures support evolution? They show that different species share a common ancestor.
What is "fitness" in evolutionary biology? An organism's ability to survive and produce fertile offspring.
What are vestigial structures? Remnants of organs or structures that had a function in an early ancestor but are no longer used.
What is the theory of Punctuated Equilibrium? Evolution occurs in rapid bursts of change followed by long periods of stability.
What is the most specific level of biological classification? Species.
What are the three domains of life? Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya.
What are the six kingdoms of life? Archaebacteria, Eubacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia.
Which kingdom contains multicellular autotrophs with cell walls made of cellulose? Plantae.
Which kingdom contains multicellular heterotrophs with no cell walls? Animalia.
What are the products of photosynthesis? Glucose (sugar) and Oxygen.
What are the products of cellular respiration? ATP (energy), Carbon Dioxide, and Water.
What plant tissue transports water from roots to leaves? Xylem.
What plant tissue transports sugar (food) from leaves to the rest of the plant? Phloem.
What is the function of stomata on a leaf? To allow gas exchange (CO2 in, O2 out) and regulate water loss.
What is phototropism? A plant's growth response toward light.
What is gravitropism? A plant's growth response to gravity (roots down, stems up).
How do the circulatory and respiratory systems interact? The respiratory system gets oxygen; the circulatory system delivers it to cells.
How do the digestive and circulatory systems interact? The digestive system breaks down food; the circulatory system transports the nutrients.
Which system is responsible for producing hormones to regulate the body? Endocrine System.
Which system protects the body from pathogens (germs)? Immune System.
What is homeostasis? The maintenance of a stable internal environment (like body temperature).
In a food web, where does all energy ultimately come from? The Sun.
What is a producer (autotroph)? An organism that makes its own food (usually through photosynthesis).
What is a primary consumer? An herbivore that eats producers.
What is a decomposer? An organism (like fungi or bacteria) that breaks down dead matter and returns nutrients to the soil.
What is the "10% Rule" in an energy pyramid? Only 10% of energy is passed from one trophic level to the next; 90% is lost as heat.
What is mutualism? A relationship where both organisms benefit (+/+).
What is commensalism? A relationship where one organism benefits and the other is unaffected (+/0).
What is parasitism? A relationship where one organism benefits and the other is harmed (+/-).
What is ecological succession? The gradual change in an ecosystem over time.
What is primary succession? Succession that begins in an area with no soil (like bare rock).
What is secondary succession? Succession that begins in an area where soil already exists (like after a forest fire).
What is a pioneer species? The first species to inhabit a barren area (like Lichen).
What is a climax community? A stable, mature community that undergoes little change in species.
What is the "carrying capacity" of an ecosystem? The maximum number of individuals of a species that an environment can support.
How do nitrogen-fixing bacteria help an ecosystem? They convert atmospheric nitrogen into a form that plants can use.
What is the result of carbon dioxide being removed from the atmosphere? Photosynthesis (by plants and algae).
Created by: SuttonFamily
 

 



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