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unit 2 quiz/exam A&P
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| pontine respiratory groups help control breathing primarily by | limiting the duration of inspiration |
| normal resting inspiration uses primarily the | diaphragm and external intercostal muscles |
| a major function of the large intestine is to | absorb water and electrolytes and form feces |
| a patient with chronic liver inflammation caused by a virus has | hepatits |
| a patient with asthma experiences wheezing primarily due to | bronchoconstriction in smaller airways |
| a respiratory cycle consists of | one inspiration followed by one expiration |
| oxygen bound to hemoglobin forms | Oxyhemoglobin |
| a major function of the respiratory system is regulation of | blood pH |
| a patient presents with edema related to low plasma oncotic pressure from inadequate protein intake. this condition is best explained by | decreased plasma proteins from protein deficiency |
| a patient has pale feces, dark urine, and jaundice. which organ is most directly involved? | liver/bile system |
| a clinician describes BMR. which condition best matches basal conditions? | awake and resting after an overnight fast in a comfortable environment |
| aging may increase susceptibility to respiratory infections partly because | macrophages lose efficiency and mucus thickens |
| as chyme enters the duodenum, the entergastric reflex | slows stomach emptying |
| a patient has impaired mucociliary clearance due to cilia paralysis. This would most directly increase risk of | respiratory infections |
| normal resting expiration is primarily | passive due to elastic recoil and surface tension |
| a patient eats a high -carbohydrate meal and excess glucose is stored first. The storage form produced in liver and muscle is | glycogen |
| a dietary guideline mentioned advises that fat should not exceed about | 30% of total daily calories |
| minute ventilation (MV) is calculated as | TV x respiratory rate (RR) |
| a function of the paranasal sinuses is to | resonate the voice |
| olfactory receptors are located primarily in the | upper portion of the nasal cavity |
| a patient consumes excess calories over time. which outcome best reflects positive energy balance? | weight gain due to storage of excess nutrients |
| a person has a tidal volume of 500mL and a respiratory rate of 12/min. What is the minute ventilation (MV)? | 6000mL/min |
| a patient with vitamin B12 malabsorption due to lack of intrinsic factor likely has impaired function of which stomach cell? | parietal cell |
| a person has a tidal volume of 600mL and a respiratory rate of 10/min. what is the minute ventilation (MV)? | 6000mL/min |
| a diet provides adequate calories, but a bile salt deficiency causes fat-soluble vitamin deficiency. | secondary malnutrition |
| a patient has high HDL levels. HDL is described as being high in | protein |
| bile enters the duodenum at the hepatopancreatic ampulla, regulated by the | hepatopancreatic sphincter |
| partial pressure is best defined as | the pressure each gas contributes to the total pressure in a mixture |
| pneumonia impairs gas exchange mainly because | alveoli swell and fill with fluid and WBCs. decreasing surface area |
| a stool sample shows strong unpleasant odor. which source best explains it? | bacterial compounds such as hydrogen sulfide, indole, and ammonia |
| a patient has decreased surfactant production. what is the most likely immediate consequence? | increased surface tension leading to alveolar collapse (atelectasis) |
| a patient reports right upper quadrant pain that radiates to the back/right shoulder with nausea. This pattern is most consistent with | gallbladder disease (possible gallstones) |
| a person has a tidal volume of 450mL, physiologic dead space of 150mL, and respiratory rate of 16/min. What is the alveolar ventilation rate (AVR)? | 4800mL/min |
| organs of the upper respiratory tract include all of the following EXCEPT the | trachea |
| parietal pleura are | the outer layer lining the thoracic cavity |
| most oxygen (about 98-99%) is transported in blood by | binding to hemoglobin in RBCs |
| a key structural feature of saturated fatty acids is that they have | no double bonds between carbon atoms |
| a patient develops diarrhea after strong peristaltic rush due to intestinal irritation. The rush most directly occurs in the | small intestine |
| a clinician explains that secretin release will increase bicarbonate-rich pancreatic juice primarily to | neutralize acidic chyme entering the duodenum |
| peripheral chemoreceptors mainly sense changes in blood | O2 |
| organs of the lower respiratory tract include the | bronchial tree |
| a patient reports taking large doses of a vitamin and developing toxicity. Which vitamin class is most associated with overdose risk due to storage? | fat-soluble vitamins |
| a patients arterial PCO2 rises. the expected ventilatory response is | increased ventilation to lower PCO2 |
| a patient has been fasting and needs glucose. The pathway that breaks down glycogen to release glucose is | glycogenolysis |
| a small fraction of oxygen (about 1-2%) is transported | dissolved in plasma |
| peripheral chemoreceptors typically produce a major response when blood O2 decreases to about | 50% of normal |
| amino acids are absorbed into | blood vessels of villi by active transport |
| alveolar dead space refers to | air that reaches nonfunctional alveoli with poor blood flow |
| a nutrient deficiency severe enough to cause the body to consume structural molecules (e.g., muscle proteins) can ultimately lead to | death |
| bicarbonate ions in saliva help by | keeping pH favorable and protecting teeth from acidic foods |
| a factor that can influence BMR includes | thyroid hormone activity |
| a patient on a very low-carbohydrate diet still must supply glucose for glucose-dependent cells. which pathway makes glucose from amino acids and glycerol? | gluconeogenesis |
| a patient feels very hungry after fasting. Which hormone secreted by the stomach enhances appetite? | Ghrelin |
| a healthy human can survive without food for approximately | 50 to 70 days |
| peripheral chemoreceptors are located in | Carotid and aortic bodies |
| a clinician explains that Ca and P are major contributors to body mineral content. Together they account for nearly | 75% of mineral elements by weight |
| most of the alveolar wall consists of | Type I cells (simple squamous epithelium) |
| after delivering O2 to tissues, venous blood still has hemoglobin about | 75% saturated |
| Paranasal sinuses are air-filled spaces in the | Maxillary, frontal, ethmoid, and sphenoid bones |
| a typical life-span change in the digestive system is that tooth enamel | thins and teeth may become sensitive |
| a fecal occult blood test is primarily used in screening for | Colorectal cancer |
| Accessory digestive organs are defined as organs that | empty secretions into the alimentary canal |
| a person has a tidal volume of 500mL, physiologic dead space of 150mL, and respiratory rate of 12/min. What is the alveolar ventilation rate (AVR)? | 4200 mL/min |
| age-related changes can decrease gas exchange area because | alveolar walls thin and alveoli merge |
| a patient complains of frequent constipation. Which large intestine role is most relevant? | Water absorption and feces formation/storage |
| age-related changes may reduce bronchiole dilation because | connective tissue replaces muscle in bronchioles |
| a lacteal in a villus is a | lymphatic capillary that absorbs large fats |
| bile flows from ductules to hepatic ducts and then to the | common hepatic duct |
| a person has a tidal volume of 450mL and a respiratory rate of 16/min. What is the minute ventilation (MV)? | 7200 mL/min |
| nasal conchae are also known as | Turbinate bones |
| A patient is advised that cooking can reduce intake of certain vitamins. Which vitamins are most likely to be destroyed by cooking/processing? | Water-soluble vitamins |
| Physiologic dead space is | anatomic dead space plus alveolar dead space |
| bicarbonate ions in pancreatic juice primarily | neutralize acidic chyme by making the juice alkaline |
| air movements other than breathing (e.g., coughing, sneezing) are called | Nonrespiratory movements |
| a person has a tidal volume of 600mL, physiologic dead space of 150mL, and respiratory rate of 10/min. What is the alveolar ventilation rate (AVR)? | 4500mL/min |
| one hemoglobin molecule can bind up to | 4 O2 molecules |
| bile salts aid fat digestion primarily by | emulsifying fats to increase surface area for lipase |
| a bomb calorimeter measures | The caloric content (potential energy) of foods |
| a patient has elevated LDL levels. in this context LDL is described as being high in | Cholesterol |
| A clinician explains that lipids have more energy per gram than carbohydrates. Which value supports this? | 9.5 calories/gram for lipids |
| WRITTEN REVIEW The respiratory system can be divided into the upper and lower respiratory tract. Please list the parts of each. | the upper respiratory tract- nose, nasal cavity and the pharynx the lower respiratory tract- larynx, trachea, bronchi and the lungs. |
| WRITTEN REVIEW List of the functions of the upper respiratory tract vs the lower respiratory tract? | Upper respiratory tract- filters, warms, and humidifies the air Lower respiratory tract- gas exchange. |
| WRITTEN REVIEW Types of breathing List the & describe types of respiration? | Apnea- not breathing Dyspnea- difficulty breathing Eupnea- normal breathing Hyperpnea- deep rapid breathing Orthopnea- shortness of breath when you lie down flat Tachypnea- rapid shallow breathing Hyperventilation- too much gas exchange |
| WRITTEN REVIEW What is Herring-Breur Reflex and the importance of knowing this when it comes to a patient? | Herring-Breur Reflex is a protective reflex that prevents the over stretching of lungs. This would be good to monitor in patients because in COPD this reflex may be diminished due to the lungs being hyperinflated |
| WRITTEN REVIEW Where is the pharynx structure and its functions? | The pharynx structure is the passageway for food and air. It also aids in sound production. Nasopharynx- is behind the nose Oropharynx- is behind the mouth Laryngopharynx – the pharynx splits into the larynx and the esophagus |
| WRITTEN REVIEW Nutritional disorders are when the body gets too little, too much, or the wrong balance of nutrients. Name an example of a nutritional disorder? | Marasmus: due to lack of calories and protein Kwashiorkor: protein starvation Anorexia nervosa: self-starvation Bulimia: you try to starve yourself but then you binge and to prevent gaining weight you purge (vomit) |
| WRITTEN REVIEW What are the food groups give an example of each. | The five main food groups—fruits, vegetables, grains, proteins, and dairy |
| WRITTEN REVIEW List and describe the different types of digestion. | Mechanical digestion breaks down large particles into smaller ones but does not change chemical composition. Chemical digestion breaks down food particles by changing them into simpler chemicals. |
| WRITTEN REVIEW The alimentary canal is the foodway that consists of organs that extend from the mouth to the anus; food passageway. List the 8 organs. | mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus. |
| WRITTEN REVIEW List the accessory organs: | Teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gall bladder, pancreas. |
| WRITTEN REVIEW Describe the 2 types of movements in the alimentary canal. | segmentation- mixing movements is where food is mixed back and forth in the small intestines peristalsis- propelling movements move food down in just one direction |
| WRITTEN REVIEW digestive tract layers, List the layers of the alimentary canal. | Mucosa (absorb nutrients), Submucosa (secrete enzymes), Muscularis (moves the food), and Serosa (anchors the organs in place, lubricates outer surface of digestive organs). |
Created by:
arielwsitl