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exam 2 all
sociology
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| deindustrialization | the loss of industrial production, usually to peripheral and semi-peripheral nations where the costs are lower |
| automation | workers being replaced by technology |
| outsourcing | a practice where jobs are contracted to an outside source, often in another country |
| polarization | a practice where the differences between low-end and high-end jobs become greater and the number of people in the middle levels decreases |
| structural employment | a societal level of disjuncture between people seeking jobs and the jobs that are available |
| precarious, underemployment | a state in which a person accepts a lower paying, lower status job than his or her education and experience qualifies him or her to perform |
| ascribed status | a status you’re born with or have no control over. |
| achieved status | the status a person chooses, such as a level of education or income agricultural societies |
| salience | how noticeable or important something is at a given moment |
| looking glass self | our reflection of how we think we appear to others |
| labeling | attaching a tag or identity to someone |
| in group | a group a person belongs to and feels is an integral part of his identity |
| out group | a group that an individual is not a member of, and may even compete with |
| rewards of conforming | positive responses for behaving the “right” way in society |
| socialization | the process wherein people come to understand societal norms and expectations, to accept society’s beliefs, and to be aware of societal values |
| nature | the influence of our genetic makeup on self-development |
| nurture | the role that our social environment plays in self-development |
| peer group | a group made up of people who are similar in age and social status and who share interests |
| hidden curriculum | the informal teaching done in schools that socializes children to societal norms |
| direct | something that happens to you personally |
| indirect | something you learn by watching others |
| agents of socialization | sources that shape your beliefs, values, and behavior |
| family | the primary agent of socialization that teaches basic value, behaviors, and norms |
| peers | people your own age who influence your behavior, interests, and identity |
| popular culture | trends, activities, and interests that are widely linked by many people in society |
| media | forms of communication that spread information to large audiences |
| school | an agent of socialization that teaches knowledge, rules, and social skills |
| father daughter dance | social event where fathers and daughters spend time together, usually dancing at a school or community function |
| social construction of deviance | the idea that what is considered deviant is created by society |
| normal to deviant | A behavior that was once accepted becomes seen as wrong or unacceptable |
| deviant to normal | a behavior that was once seen as wrong become accepted |
| cognitive shortcuts | quick ways of thinking people use to make fast judgments |
| sanctions | rewards or punishments used to enforce social norms |
| informal sanctions | non-official reward or punishment from everyday people. |
| formal sanctions | official consequence or reward given by people in authority. |
| negative sanctions | are consequences that try to stop people from breaking social rules |
| positive sanctions | ways society rewards people for following rules or norms |
| stratification | the ranking of people in society based on factors like wealth, income, education, and power |
| income vs wealth | money you earn over time vs total value of everything you own |
| intergenerational immobility | changes in social class from one generation to the next |
| policy vs personality (poverty) | poverty is often caused more by social systems that individual choices |
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