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PSY 365
Creativity, Diversity, and Adversity
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Damian's Theory of Diversifying Experiences | unusual and unexpected events or situations that push one outside typical thinking, enabling conception of ideas less bounded by conventional constraints |
| Outsiders Have Diverse Knowledge? Acar and Van Den Ende (2016): sometimes outsiders solve a major problem | -Insiders -Outsiders -Thought: diversifying experiences sometimes may make you a "cognitively diverse" |
| Insiders | were most creative when they combined many different elements |
| Outsiders | were most creative when they brought "distant knowledge" to bear on a problem, and when it required more effort |
| Rejection and Outsiderness?: unconventional people may be rejected more often than others, but also might benefit creatively -Kim et al. (2013): told people they were not picked to be in a group, then did remote associates task (RAT) | -Need for Uniqueness (NfU): desire to remain separate from others -feeling rejected made them more creative, especially if high on NfU |
| Social Rejection and Individualism?: Sun et al. (2020) asked Chinese students to think of times they felt rejected or ignored. -Then they did divergent thinking and convergent thinking tasks | Overall, they found small benefits of social rejection on both types of creativity, but mostly for people higher on individualism |
| Adverse Experiences and Growth: Eranda Jayawickreme: maybe surviving negative experiences "build character" -Jayawickreme and Blackie (2014): lots of people self-report post-traumatic growth (PTG) | Little evidence these reports correlate with actual changes in personality, well-being, or health -it might just make us feel more in control in an out-of-control world |
| Diversifying experiences may help by making you be different, bringing new ideas from afar/ think different, remind you to embrace being different, especially after rejection, but | probably not by causing 'growth' |
| Black Americans have massive cultural impact but also have faced | substantial victimization |
| Damian and Simonton (2015): big sample of famous Black American creators -coded biographies for evidence of mental illness and of adversity from racism, discrimination, poverty, etc. | Adversity predicted Black American creators' eminence -Black American creators much less likely to be mentally ill than white American creators |
| Gocbwska and Crisp (2014) | immigrant children overachieve on creative accomplishments |
| Maddux, Bivolaru, Hafenbrack, Tadmor, and Galinsky (2013) | living abroad for a while increase creativity if you "significantly engage" |
| Tadmore, Tetlock, and Peng (2009) | argue that justifying conflict between cultural values enhances creativity |
| Celik et al. (2016): Value Diversity | differences in adherence to core values between social groups |
| Celik et al. (2016): Value Conflict | occurs when value diversity creates interpersonal disrupts |
| Celik et al. (2016): Divergent thinking (AUT) was | higher for people with value diversity, but only when they experienced high value conflict (rejection) |
| Mosing et al. (2016): examined 4494 Swedish twins -"I have had only other-sex partners"= hetero -"I have had some other-sex partners"= not hetero -Also, version of CAQ given | found writing, theater higher for non-hetero people/no other differences were significant, but all in the right direction |
| Liu and Damian (2015): are androgynous people more creative? -Used Sandra Bem's (1974) Sex Role Inventory measures stereotypically masculine and feminine traits | -Men consistently higher on masculinity -Women consistently higher on femininity -if high on both, you are "androgynous" -Collected self-reported creativity scores and divergent thinking -You are high on M or F if you scored 25 or more |
| Liu and Damian Results: masculinity and self-reported: r= .53 -Femininity and self-reported: r=.27 | Androgyny effect: benefits of high M were largest when F was also high -so, people high on M and F think they are more creative, but don't do better on divergent thinking |
| Confirmation Bias | the tendency to attend only to evidence that supports your hypothesis, and ignore evidence that contradicts it |
| Goertzel, Goertzel, Goertzel (1978) studied lifetime incidence of mental illness among 317 eminent 20th century people | about 9% for creators and leaders -higher in artists than scientists, among creators -high in poets (-15% psychotic) -But compared to rate for the general public (10%) they are quite typical |
| Schizophrenia | severe, heritable, uncommon thought disorder affecting about 1% of people -Symptoms include inhibitory deficits, loose associations, hallucinations and delusions -Prevalence is slightly lower for creative people |
| Inhibitory Deficits | difficulty inhibiting dominant meanings of words |
| Loose Associations | unconstrained semantic links during speech |
| Genetics: Single Gene Approach: Ker (2009) studied neuregulin 1, a gene associated with psychosis. Found 200 Hungarians through newspaper who "though they were creative" -Screened for mental disorders, gave creative achievements questionnaire | None of these participants were psychotic-they just carried a gene that is associated with psychosis -small % of CAQ variance (7%) -similar results with lab tasks involving originality and divergent thinking |
| Polygenetic Score | add up the number of genes thought to be risk factors |
| Power et al. (2015) got polygenetic scores for schizophrenia and bipolar disorder for 86, 292 Icelandic people | Their polygenetic scores predicted both schizophrenia and bipolar diagnosis |
| Power et al. (2015) results: 1, 024 people were members of national societies for artists | Both polygenetic scores predicted membership in national societies -Tiny effects but highly significant given the big sample -similar for writers, actor/ dancer, visual artists, and musician societies -Two replication samples in Netherlands and Sweden |
| Divergent Thinking and Polygenetics: Li et al. (2020) examined schizophrenia polygenetic scores in 4834 Chinese students -Measured creativity using their own measure (based on Torrance tests) | polygenetic risk explained about 20% of variance in creativity |
| Bipolar Disorder | uncommon mood disorder -periods of depression often with periods of mania -cycle shortens; associated with suicidality |
| Mania | elevated positive mood -talkative, grandiose, little sleep, racing thoughts -intensively pursue goals |
| Mania and Creativity: Jamison, Touched By Fire | manic-depressive illness is elevated among creative writers -retrospective diagnosis of British and Irish poets from the 1800s |
| Statistical Case Study of Bipolar: Weisberg (1994): archival study of the composer Robert Shumann -periods of intense depression, periods of mania -died in an asylum | Quantity: more composing during manic years with 4.5 times as many -His mania increase productivity but not creativity quality -Similar findings for the Poet Emily Dickenson (Ramey and Weisberg, 2004) |
| Taylor (2015) Meta-Analysis: examined mood disorders, 3 approaches | 1. Compare clinical group vs. non-clinical group on creativity measures 2. Compare creative vs. less creative groups on clinical measures 3. Compare dimensional measures of creativity and dimensional measures of clinical symptoms |
| Taylor (2015) Meta-Analysis, Non-artists on mood disorders: | medium to big effect (g= .64) |
| Taylor (2015) Meta-Analysis, Disorder vs. not on creativity: | small effect size (g= .08) |
| Taylor (2015) Meta-Analysis, Dimensional: | small effect size ( g= .09) |
| ADHD | 10-11% of U. S kids, 3-6% of adults -difficulty paying attention, sustaining attention, being forgetful, losing things, skipping steps -Hyperactivity: can't sit still/ being squirmy, restless, constantly feeling bored |
| Cognitively, tied to delay aversion (Songa-Barke, 1998)-you hate to wait, and would pay a premium not to sit around -More importantly tied to poor inhibition- difficulty stopping yourself form doing things | Idea: maybe these make them more divergent or unconstrained in thought |
| ADHD and Creativity: early famous study by White and Shah (1997): 90 students, 45 with ADHD and 45 controls (half-women) | better on divergent thinking, as shows by Unusual Uses Task (both fluency and originality) -worse on Convergent thinking, as shows by Remote Associates Task |
| More White and Shah Papers: 2011: students with ADHD and controls had 20 minutes to create an innovative cell phone for college students | Features generated: more fluency and cooler novelty with ADHD |
| More White and Shah Papers: 2016: ADHD predicts | higher scores on the CAQ -Replicated: Zabelina et al. (2016) |
| What about Sub-Clinical ADHD?: Boot, Nevicka, and Baas (2016) explored whether sub-clinical inattention and hyperactiviity symptoms (self-reported) predict divergent thinking (n=940) | Both predicted higher fluency on alternative uses (of a tincan and a cord), r=.13 to r =. 23 -Gonzalez- Carpio et al. (2017) replicated |
| Kaufman's (2001) "Plath Effect": Sylvia Plath Effect | poets, especially women poets, have more mental health problems |
| Kaufman's (2001) "Plath Effect": Study 1: archival study of 1, 629 writers | female poets more likely to have mental health problems than other women writers: fiction, nonfiction, journalism, playwrights |
| Kaufman's (2001) "Plath Effect": Study 2: archival study of 520 eminent women | female poets more likely to have mental health problems than journalists, actresses, politicians, and visual artists |
| Mental Illness in Other Cultures: Kaufman (2005): 826 Eastern European writers listed in Reader's Encyclopedia of Eastern European literature -birthdates ranged from 390-1957 -explored mental illness, physical, personal tragedy, and political persec. | Results: only mental illness differed reliably; poets highest |
| Nettle (2006) | large British sample looking at "unusual experiences" part of positive schizotypy by artistic interest (hobby lists up to pros lumped together) |
| Why Poetry? (Kaufman and Baer, 2002) | 1. Self-Selection?: maybe people with emotional problems drift toward poetry, given its emotional, introspective nature -analytic people drift toward nonfiction 2. Few constraints on success?: education, style, briefer than novels, plays |
| Mania (alone or as bipolar disorder) increases | productivity but may lower quality |
| Maybe ADHD enhances | divergent thinking |
| There may be some genetic links between disorders that cause | psychosis (bipolar, schizophrenia) and creativity |
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