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Melanin Storyline
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Gene | A segment of DNA |
| Allele | Different versions of the same gene |
| Homologous Chromosomes | Pairs of chromosomes that code for the same trait |
| Genotype | Describes the genetic makeup of the organism (usually represented with letters) |
| Phenotype | Physical appearance, or visible traits of an organism. |
| Punnett squares | Diagram used to compare the genetic variation that will result from a cross. |
| Natural Selection | Organisms that are more adapted to their environment are more likely to survive and pass on the genes. |
| Chromosomes | Coiled structures made of DNA and proteins |
| Karyotype | Number and visual appearance of chromosomes |
| Haploid (n) | Contains half the number of chromosomes |
| Diploid (2n) | Contains a full set of chromosomes. Each pair of chromosomes come from each parent |
| Meiosis | Process of making sex cells (gametes) 4 Gametes (sex cells) are formed |
| Recessive | A genetic trait that only appears when an individual inherits two copies of the gene (one from each parent) |
| Dominant | A version of a gene that shows its effect (trait) even if an organism only inherits one copy, from either parent |
| Pedigree | A diagram or "family tree" in biology that maps the relationships between family members and shows how specific traits, genetic disorders, or diseases are inherited across generations. |
| Mutation | A permanent change or "typo" in an organism's DNA sequence |
| DNA | The molecule that carries the genetic instructions for the development, functioning, growth, and reproduction of all known organisms |
| Adaptation | A physical feature, behavior, or internal process that helps an organism survive and reproduce in its environment. |
| Adenine | one of the four essential nitrogenous bases in DNA and RNA, serving as a building block for genetic code. Pairs with Thymine in DNA and Uracil in RNA. |
| Albinism | a hereditary genetic condition characterized by a reduced amount or complete absence of the pigment melanin in the skin, hair, and eyes. |
| Amino Acid | organic compounds that serve as the fundamental building blocks of proteins, essential for life. |
| Codon | A sequence of three consecutive nucleotides (bases) in DNA or mRNA that acts as a "code word" for a specific amino acid during protein synthesis. |
| Cytosine | One of the four essential nitrogenous bases found in DNA and RNA, serving as a fundamental building block of the genetic code. Cytosine always pairs with Guanine (C-G). |
| Deletion | A type of genetic mutation where one or more nucleotides (DNA bases) are lost from a DNA sequence. |
| DNA Replication | The biological process where a cell makes an exact, identical copy of its DNA before cell division. |
| Frameshift Mutation | A genetic mutation caused by the insertion or deletion of nucleotides (DNA bases) in a DNA sequence, in a number that is not a multiple of three. |
| Guanine | One of the four essential nitrogenous bases found in DNA and RNA. Always pairs with cytosine (G-C). |
| Insertion | A type of genetic mutation where extra nucleotide base pairs are added into a DNA sequence, altering the genetic code. |
| Locus | The specific, fixed physical location of a gene or DNA sequence on a chromosome. |
| Melanin | A natural pigment produced by specialized cells called melanocytes that determines the color of skin, hair, and eyes in humans and animals. |
| Missense Mutation | A type of point mutation where a single nucleotide change in DNA results in a different amino acid being added to a protein. |
| mRNA | A single-stranded molecule that acts as a genetic messenger, carrying instructions from DNA in the cell nucleus to the cytoplasm. |
| Nitrogen Containing Bases | Nitrogen-containing organic molecules that act as the building blocks of DNA and RNA, forming the "rungs" of the genetic ladder. |
| Nonsense Mutation | A type of genetic point mutation where a single DNA base pair change causes a "stop codon" to appear prematurely in the mRNA sequence. |
| Nucleus | The control center of a eukaryotic cell, acting as a membrane-bound organelle that stores genetic material (DNA). |
| Point Mutation | A simple, small-scale genetic alteration where a single nucleotide base (A, T, C, or G) in a DNA or RNA sequence is replaced, added, or deleted. |
| Ribosome | Essential structure found inside all living cells that acts as a factory for building proteins. |
| Selective Pressure | Any environmental factor (such as predators, climate, or disease) that affects an organism’s ability to survive and reproduce. |
| Silent Mutation | A change in a DNA sequence that does not alter the resulting protein's amino acid sequence. |
| Substitution Mutation | type of genetic mutation where one nucleotide base in a DNA sequence is replaced by a different nucleotide. |
| Thymine | One of the four main nitrogenous bases found in DNA, essential for storing genetic information. Pairs with Adenine. |
| Transcription | The biological process of copying a specific segment of DNA (a gene) into a new molecule of messenger RNA (mRNA) |
| Translation | The process where cells build proteins using genetic instructions from messenger RNA (mRNA). |
| Uracil | A fundamental nucleobase (nitrogenous base) found in RNA, where it pairs with adenine. |
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