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Psychology Vocab
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Learning | The process of acquiring through experience new and relatively enduring information or behaviors |
| Associative learning | Learning that certain events occur together the events may be two stimuli (classical conditioning) or a response and its consequences (as in operant conditioning) |
| Stimulus | Any event or situation that evokes a response |
| Respondent behavior | A behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus |
| Operant behavior | Behavior that operates on the environment, producing a consequence |
| Cognitive Learning | The acquisition of mental information, whether by observing events, by watching others, or through language |
| Classical conditioning | A type of learning in which we link two or more stimuli; as a result, to illustrate with Pavlov's classic experiment, the first stimulus (a tone) comes to elicit behavior (drooling) in anticipation of the second stimulus (food) |
| Behaviorism | The view that psychology should be an objective science that studies behavior without reference to mental processes, most agree with 1 not 2 |
| Neutral stimulus | In classical conditioning, a stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning |
| Unconditioned response | In classical conditioning, an unlearned, naturally occurring response to an unconditioned stimulus |
| Unconditioned stimulus | In classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally- naturally and automatically- triggers an unconditioned response |
| Conditioned Response | In classical conditioning, a learned response to a previously neutral stimulus |
| Acquisition | In classical conditioning the initial stage when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response |
| Higher-order conditioning | A procedure in which the conditioned stimulus in one conditioning experience is paired with a new neutral stimulus, creating a second conditioned stimulus |
| Extinction | In classical conditioning, the diminishing of a conditioned response when an unconditioned stimulus does not follow a conditioned stimulus |
| Spontaneous recovery | The reappearance after a pause, of a weakened conditioned response |
| Generalization | In classical conditioning, the tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses |
| Discrimination | In classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and other stimuli that have not been associated with a conditioned stimulus |
| Operant conditioning | A type of learning in which a behavior becomes more likely to recur if followed by a reinforcer or less likely to recur if followed by a punisher |
| Operant behavior | Behavior that operates on the environment producing a consequence |
| Law of effect | Thorndike's principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely |
| Operant chamber | The operant conditioning research, a chamber, containing a box or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer; attached devices record the animals rate of bar pressing or key pecking |
| Shaping | An operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior |
| Discriminative stimulus | In operant conditioning, a stimulus that elicits a response after association with reinforcement |
| Reinforcement | In operant conditioning, any event that strengthens the behavior it follows |
| Positive reinforcement | Increasing behaviors by presenting a pleasurable stimulus |
| Negative reinforcement | Increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing an aversive stimulus |
| Primary reinforcer | An innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need |
| Conditioned reinforcer | A stimulus gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer; also known as a secondary reinforcer |
| Continuous reinforcement | Reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs |
| Partial Reinforcement | Reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement |
| Fixed ratio schedule | In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses |
| Variable-ratio schedule | In operant conditioning a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at an unpredictable number of responses |
| Fixed-interval schedule | In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed |
| Variable-interval schedule | In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals |
| Punishment | An event that tends to decrease the behavior it follows |
| Preparedness | A biological predisposition to learn associations, such as between taste and nausea, that have survival value |
| Instinctive drift | The tendency of learned behavior to gradually revert to biologically predisposed patterns |
| Cognitive map | A mental representation of the layout of one's environment |
| Latent learning | Learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it |
| Insight learning | Solving problems through sudden insight contrasts with strategy- based solution |
| Observational learning | Learning by observing objects |
| Modeling the | The process of observing and imitating a specific behavior |
| Mirror neurons | Neurons that some scientists believe fire when we perform certain actions or observe another doing so |
| Prosocial behavior | Positive, constrictive, helpful; behavior |
| Antisocial behavior | Negative, destructive, harmful behavior |
Created by:
kjdavis9905