Trust, But (Be Prepared to) Verify:

evidence can be acceptable even if we have not proven that its source is reliable → evidence from some source is acceptable unless one has strong reason to think the source is not reliable

Measure Twice, Decide Once:

collect more evidence than less, and evidence from different sources is the best; also just as important to consider possible undermining evidence as it is to consider overriding evidence

Counterexample Strategy

A counterexample to a claim is an example that shows that that claim is false.

To tell if some condition is necessary for an effect, see whether it was present every time the effect was present. If it was absent when the effect was present, then that condition is not necessary for the effect.

Method of Difference.

To tell if some condition is sufficient for an effect, see whether the effect follows every time that condition is present.

Method of Concomitant Variation.

If two phenomena vary together, then this is some evidence of a causal relation between them. But by itself, this does not reveal much about the link.

Experimentation and Simulation.

To confirm if a cause is necessary or sufficient, you must rule out alternatives by gathering more evidence. This is done through real-world experiments or mental/digital simulations.

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critical strategies

Question	Answer
Trust, But (Be Prepared to) Verify:	evidence can be acceptable even if we have not proven that its source is reliable → evidence from some source is acceptable unless one has strong reason to think the source is not reliable
Measure Twice, Decide Once:	collect more evidence than less, and evidence from different sources is the best; also just as important to consider possible undermining evidence as it is to consider overriding evidence
Counterexample Strategy	A counterexample to a claim is an example that shows that that claim is false.
Method of Agreement.	To tell if some condition is necessary for an effect, see whether it was present every time the effect was present. If it was absent when the effect was present, then that condition is not necessary for the effect.
Method of Difference.	To tell if some condition is sufficient for an effect, see whether the effect follows every time that condition is present.
Method of Concomitant Variation.	If two phenomena vary together, then this is some evidence of a causal relation between them. But by itself, this does not reveal much about the link.
Experimentation and Simulation.	To confirm if a cause is necessary or sufficient, you must rule out alternatives by gathering more evidence. This is done through real-world experiments or mental/digital simulations.

Created by: aishamahboob

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