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Chapter 22
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Functions of Repiratory System (7) | 1) gas exchange 2) moves air to and from lungs 3) protects respiratory surfaces from outside enviroment 4) Produces sounds 5) participates in olfactory sense 6) acid-baase balance 7) formation of angiotensin II |
| Anatomically respiratory system is divided into (2) | - Upper respiratory system - Lower respiratory system |
| Upper respiratory system (3) | above larynx: - Nose - Nasal Cavity - Pharynx |
| Lower respiratory system (5) | below larynx: - Trachea - Bronchial tree - Respiratory bronchioles - Aveolar duct - Aveoli |
| Physiologically respiratory system is divided into (2) | - Conducting Zone - Respiratory Zone |
| Conducting zone (5) | - Nasal Cavity - Pharynx - Larynx - Trachea - Bronchial tree |
| Respiratory zone (4) | - Respiratory bronchioles - Alveolar ducts - Alveolar sacs - Alveoli |
| Bronchial tree (4) | - Primary bronchi - Secondary bronchi - Tertiary bronchi - Terminal bronchioles |
| Alveoli | Air-filled pockets within the lungs where gas exchange takes place |
| External strucutre of nose (6) | - root - bridge - dorsum nasi - apex - ala - external nasal aperture (nostrils) |
| Openings of nasal cavity (3) | - external nasal aperature, or nostrils leads to nasal vestibule - internal nasal aperature or choanae - Paranasal sinuses |
| Medial wall of nasal cavity also known as | nasal septum: divides nasal cavity into left and right |
| Nasal septum made of (2) | - bone - cartilage |
| Lateral wall of the nasal cavity (2) | - Lateral masses of the ethmoid - Inferior choncha and meatus |
| Roof of the nasal cavity (olfactory region) | cribriform plate of the ethmoid |
| Floor of the nasal cavity (2) | - hard palate - soft palate |
| Lining of the nasal cavity (2) | - olfactory mucosa - respiratory mucosa |
| olfactory mucosa (2) | - covers roof and superior chonchae - contains olfactory receptors |
| respiratory mucosa (2) | - pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium - goblet cells |
| Nasal cavity functions (4) | - Air passage - Conditions air - Olfaction - Phonation |
| how does the nasal cavity conditions air (3) | - filters - humidifies - warms |
| Pharynx (2) | - A chamber shared by digestive and respiratory systems - Extends from internal nares to entracnes to larynx and esophagus |
| Pharynx divided into three parts | - nasopharynx - oropharynx - laryngopharynx |
| Nasopharynx (2) | - Internal nares to soft palate - Pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium |
| Related structures to nasopharynx (2) | - Pharyngeal tonsils - Openings to left and right auditory tubes |
| Oropharynx (2) | - Soft palate to the level of the hyoid bone - Stratified squamous epithelium |
| Related structures to oropharynx (3) | - Fauces - Palatine tonsils – between palatine arches - Lingual tonsils |
| Laryngopharynx (3) | - Level of the hyoid bone to cricoid cartilage - Stratified squamous epithelium - Opens anteriorly to the larynx and inferiorly to esophagus |
| Cartilages of the larynx (2) | - Three large, unpaired cartilages - Three small, paired cartilages |
| Three large, unpaired cartilages | - Thyroid cartilage - Cricoid cartilage - Epiglottis |
| Three small, paired cartilages | - Arytenoid cartilages - Corniculate cartilages - Cuneiform cartilages |
| Thyroid and cricoid cartilages support and protect (2) | - The glottis - The entrance to trachea |
| During swallowing (3) | - The larynx is elevated - The epiglottis folds back over glottis - Prevents entry of food and liquids into respiratory tract |
| Corniculate and arytenoid cartilages function in (2) | - Opening and closing of glottis - Production of sound |
| Ligaments of the larynx (2) | - Vestibular ligaments - Vocal ligaments |
| Vestibular ligaments and vocal ligaments (2) | - Extend between thyroid cartilage and arytenoid cartilages - Are covered by folds of laryngeal epithelium that project into glottis |
| Epithelium of vocal ligaments and vocal ligaments (2) | - Stratified squamous on and above vocal ligaments - Pseudostratified columnar ciliated below vocal ligaments |
| The vestibular ligaments lie | within folds to protect the vocal folds |
| Sound production (3) | - Air passing through glottis - Vibrates vocal folds - Produces sound waves |
| Sound is varied by (2) | - Tension of vocal folds - Force of air moved |
| The larynx is associated with (2) | - Extrinsic muscles - Intrinsic muscles |
| Extrinsic muscles of larynx (2) | - Neck - Pharynx |
| Intrinsic muscles (2) | - Control vocal folds - Open and close glottis |
| Innervation of the larynx (2) | - Superior laryngeal nerve - Recurrent laryngeal nerve |
| Superior Laryngeal Nerve (2) | - Internal - External |
| Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve (2) | - Left: loops around aortic arch - Right: loops around subclavian artery |
| Sensory Innervation of Larynx (2) | - Above the vocal cords - Below the true vocal cords |
| Sensory Innervation of Larynx, above the vocal cords | Internal laryngeal |
| Sensory Innervation of Larynx, below the true vocal cords | Recurrent laryngeal nerve |
| Innervation of Intrinsic Laryngeal Muscles (2) | - Criothyroid muscle - All other muscles |
| Innervation of Intrinsic Laryngeal Muscles, Criothyroid muscle | External laryngeal nerve |
| Innervation of Intrinsic Laryngeal Muscles. All other muscles | Recurrent laryngeal nerve |
| The Trachea (2) | - Extends from C5 to T5-7 (9-15cm in length) - 15-20 "C" shaped cartilages with trachealis muscle |
| Layers of trachea inner to outer (4) | - Mucosa - Submucosa - Cartilage/trachealis muscle - Adventitia |
| The Primary Bronchi's (2) | - Right and Left Primary Bronchi - Seperated by an internal ridge (carina) |
| Right primary bronchi (2) | - 2.5 cm long, 15 mm wide - Descends at a steeper angle |
| Left primary bronchi (2) | - 5 cm long, 13mm wide - More horizontal |
| Bronchial division | 2 Primary (main) → 2-3 Secondary (lobar) → 8-10 Tertiary (segmental) |
| Walls of primary, secondary, and tertiary bronchi (3) | - Contain progressively ↓ cartilage and ↑ smooth muscle - Increased smooth muscle tension affects airway constriction and resistance - Epithelium changes – pseudostratified to simple columnar |
| Bronchioles (3) | - Each tertiary bronchus branches into multiple bronchioles - Bronchioles branch into terminal bronchioles - One tertiary bronchus forms about 6500 terminal bronchioles |
| Bronchioles Structure (3) | - Have no cartilage - Are dominated by smooth muscle - Epithelial changes – simple columnar to simple cuboidal |
| Alveolar Ducts and Alveoli (3) | - Respiratory bronchioles are connected to alveoli along alveolar ducts - Alveolar ducts end at alveolar sacs - Each alveolus has an extensive network of capillaries |
| Alveolar primary cell types (3) | - Pneumocytes type I - Alveolar macrophages - Pneumocytes type II |
| Epithelium of pneumocytes type I | simple squamous epithelium |
| pneumocytes type II | produce surfactant |
| surfactant (2) | - Is an oily secretion containing phospholipids and proteins - Coats alveolar surfaces and reduces surface tension |
| Three Layers of the Respiratory Membrane | 1. Squamous epithelial cells lining the alveolus 2. Endothelial cells lining an adjacent capillary 3. Fused basement membranes between the alveolar and endothelial cells |
| Fissures of lungs (2) | - Right has 2 (horizontal and oblique) - Left has 1 (oblique) |
| Hilum of lungs | Where pulmonary nerves, blood vessels, lymphatics enter lung |
| Root of lungs | Complex of connective tissues, nerves, and vessels in hilum |
| Surfaces of lungs (3) | - Costal - Mediastinal - Diaphragmatic |
| Lobes of lungs (2) | - Right has 3 (superior, middle and inferior) - Left has 2 (superior and inferior) |
| Segments of lungs (Bronchopulmonary Segments) (2) | - Right lung has 10 - Left lung has 8 or 9 |
| Blood supply of lungs consist of two sources | 1. Pulmonary artery 2. Bronchial artery |
| The Pleura consists of (4) | - Two layers: 1. Parietal pleura 2. Visceral pleura - Pleural cavity -Pleural fluid |
| Pleural fluid | lubricates space between parietal pleura and visceral pleura |
| Pulmonary Ventilation | the physical movement of air in and out of respiratory tract which depends upon pressure gradient |
| Atmospheric pressure (2) | - The weight of air - Normal atmospheric pressure = 1 atm = 760 mm Hg |
| Pulmonary Ventilation provides | alveolar ventilation |
| Pulmonary Ventilation is by the expansion or contraction of | diaphragm or rib cage volume |
| Volume changes create changes in pressure as governed by | Boyles law (P = 1/V) |
| Pressure Changes during Inhalation and Exhalation can be measured | Inside (intrapulmonary) or outside the lungs (atmospheric) |
| Intrapulmonary Pressure (intra-alveolar pressure) | Is relative to atmospheric pressure |
| In relaxed breathing, the difference between atmospheric pressure and intrapulmonary pressure is | small, about -1 mm Hg on inhalation or +1 mm Hg on exhalation |
| Maximum straining, a dangerous activity, can increase range | from -30 mm Hg to +100 mm Hg |
| The Intrapleural Pressure | Pressure in space between parietal and visceral pleura |
| The Intrapleural Pressure averages, maximum and remains | - Averages −4 mm Hg - Maximum of −18 mm Hg - Remains below atmospheric pressure throughout respiratory cycle |
| Injury to the Chest Wall (2) | Pneumothorax - Atelectasis |
| Pneumothorax | allows air into pleural cavity |
| Atelectasis | (also called a collapsed lung) is a result of pneumothorax |
| The Respiratory Cycle | - Single cycle of inhalation and exhalation - Tidal Volume (VT) - Inhalation - Exhalation |
| Tidal Volume (VT) of the Respiratory Cycle | Amount of air moved in or out of lungs during a single respiratory cycle |
| Inhalation of Respiratory Cycle | always active |
| Exhalation of Respiratory Cycle | active or passive |
| Diaphragm used in inhalation (2) | - Contraction draws air into lungs - 75% of normal air movement |
| External intercostal muscles used in inhalation (2) | - Assist inhalation - 25% of normal air movement |
| Accessory muscles assist in elevating ribs (4) | - Sternocleidomastoid - Serratus anterior - Pectoralis minor - Scalene muscles |
| Internal intercostal and transversus thoracis muscles | depress the ribs |
| Abdominal muscles | Compress abdomen and force diaphragm upward |
| Respiratory movements are classified by (2) | - pattern of muscle activity - Quiet breathing (eupnea) - Forced breathing (hyperpnea) - Not breathing (apnea) |
| Quiet breathing (eupnea) (2) | - Diaphragmatic - Costal |
| The Respiratory Minute Volume (VE) (2) | - Amount of air moved in or out per minute - Measures pulmonary ventilation |
| how to calculate The Respiratory Minute Volume (VE) | respiratory rate x tidal volume |
| Alveolar Ventilation (VA) | the amount of air reaching alveoli each minute |
| At rest Alveolar Ventilation is calculated as | Respiratory rate x (tidal volume − anatomic dead space) |
| Alveoli contain less ... , more ... than atmospheric air | O2 and CO2 |
| Respiratory Performance and Volume Relationships | Total lung volume is divided into a series of volumes and capacities useful in diagnosing problems |
| Four Pulmonary Volumes | - Resting tidal volume (Vt) - Expiratory reserve volume (ERV) - Residual volume - Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) |
| Four Calculated Respiratory Capacities | - Inspiratory capacity - Functional residual capacity (FRC) - Vital capacity - Total lung capacity |
| Inspiratory capacity | Tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume |
| Functional residual capacity (FRC) | Expiratory reserve volume + residual volume |
| Vital capacity | Expiratory reserve volume + tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume |
| Total lung capacity | Vital capacity + residual volume |
| Dalton’s Law and Partial Pressures: In a mixture of non-reacting gases, the total ... exerted is equal to the sum of the ... of the individual gases. | pressure and partial pressure |
| Partial pressures are proportional to | percentage of the gas in the mixture |
| Composition of Atmospheric Air (760 mm of Hg) - Nitrogen - Oxygen - Carbond dioxide | - nitrogen about 78.6% PN2 = 597 mm of Hg) - Oxygen about 20.9% (PO2 = 159 mm of Hg) - Carbon dioxide about 0.04% (PCO2 = 0.3 mm of Hg) |
Created by:
JessicaKim1230