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Period 2 (1450-1750)
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Gunpowder Empires | conquered using gun powder weapons (firearms), territory left behind from power void of Mongols, Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal |
| Manchu | ethnic group from Northeast China, established the Qing Dynasty, replaced the Ming Dynasty |
| Qing Dynasty | Land based imperial dynasty of China |
| Emperor Qianlong | Manchu emperor of the Qing Dynasty during golden age |
| Tamerlane | Mongol conquer, established the Timurid Empire, used unpowder empires but established before GPE, set stage for GPEs |
| Ottoman Empire | Sunni Muslim GPE |
| Mehmed II | Ottoman Sultan, conquered Constantinople (ended Byz) |
| Balkans | under Ottoman control, serving as a diverse crossroads of Orthodox Christian, Slavic, and Muslim cultures |
| Suleiman I | Sultan of Ottoman, ruled Ottoman during its peak |
| Safavid Empire | Shi'a Muslim GPE in Persia |
| Shah | King in Persia (used to describe rulers of Safavid) |
| Babur | Founder of Mughal |
| Mughal Empire | Sunni Muslim GPE in India |
| Divine right of kings vs. Mandate of heaven | Divine right- God given rule, MOH- Heaven sends a ruler, both used to legitimize rule |
| English Bill of Rights | Bill made by Parliament to check the monarch's power (fuedalism: lords, then Parliament) |
| Louis XIV (14) and Versailles | Ruled France with divine right, built Palace of Versailles to consolidate power |
| Ivan IV | Ivan the Terrible, first ruler (Tsar) of Russia (Prince of Moscow), brutal ruler to consolidate power |
| Romanov Dynasty | Rule Russia after Ivan IV with divine right |
| Peter and Saint Petersburg | Peter the Great, wanted to modernize/westernize Russia by building schools, churches, etc |
| Devshirme | Christian boys in Ottoman Emp forced to convert to Islam and trained to become Jannisaries or bureaucratic officials, seen as slaves |
| Janissaries | Ottoman army, came from Devshirme sys |
| Oda→Toyotomi→ Tokugawa | Warriors (diamyo) in Japan, wanted to unify/centralize Japan |
| Edo and Tokugawa Shogunate | Edo- capitol of Tokugawa Shogunate- centralized military government that unified Japan shifting power from local daimyo warlords to the Tokugawa family |
| Akbar | third Mughal emperor, religiously tolerant as a Muslim ruler ruling over Hindus (got rid of Jizya), created Zamindar sys |
| Zamindars | Landowners in Persia, elites, collected taxes |
| Taj Mahal and Shah Jahan | Taj Mahal- mosque , Shah Jahan- 5th Mughal emperor who built Taj Mahal in honor of his wife who died |
| Aurangzeb | 6th Mughal emperor, Akbar's grandson, religiously intolerant (re-imposed jizya), led during Mughal decline |
| Tax farming in Ottoman | Right to collect tax auctioned off to highest bidder, easily corrupted (tax farmers kept more than agreed amount) |
| Protestant Reformation | reform the Roman Catholic Church bc it was corrupt, ended the religious unity of Western Europe, created Protestant churches |
| Martin Luther | believed Catholic Church violated biblical teachings, nail 95 thesis to Church (was denied), founded Lutheranism |
| Indulgences and simony | Indulgences- temporal punishment due to sins to purify the soul(donations to church= corrupt), simony- buying/selling of church offices (goes to highest bidder= corrupt) |
| Anglicanism | Founded by King Henry VIII, used to centralize political power under monarchs, emerged from Reformation |
| Counter Reformation | RCC successfully fought back against Protestant reform., used Jesuits |
| Jesuits | society of preachers/missionaries to convert people to RCC |
| Philip ii | Catholic king of Spain, failed to conquer England |
| Spanish Armada | Ruled by Philip ii, Armada= fleet of warships, conquered by England's naval power when they tried invading England |
| Sikhism | Monotheistic religion, rejected caste system, |
| Cartography | Map making , facilitated long distance trade |
| Primogeniture laws | inheritance sys where oldest son gets family estate |
| maritime empires | sea-based powers, global trading networks, colonies, and naval superiority |
| Prince Henry the Navigator | Portuguese prince, sponsored maritime expeditions along the West African coast, first European monarch to sponsor sea travels, wanted to find fast route to India |
| Barthtolome Diaz | Portuguese navigator, sail around the southern tip of Africa (Cape of Good Hope), proved the Atlantic and Indian Oceans were connected |
| Vasco De Gama | Portuguese explorer, established the first direct maritime route from Europe to India by sailing around S Africa |
| Trading post empire | occupying strategic coastal location rather than conquering large inland territories, controlled costal ports |
| Manilla | Spanish commercial center in the Philippines, trade hub bridging the Americas and Asia (American silver for Chinese silk and porcelain) |
| Galleons | sailing ships used by European maritime empires to dominate trade |
| northwest passage | hypothetical sea route through North America to Asia |
| Quebec and New France | Quebec= capitol of New France in NA, maritime colonial empire, first French settlement in new world |
| Henry Hudson and New Amsterdam | Henry Hudson= sent by Dutch to find NW passage, sailed to NA up Hudson river, led to establishment of Dutch colony in New Amsterdam |
| Columbian Exchange | transfer of plants, animals, diseases, people, and technologies between the New World and the Old World |
| Conquistadors | Spanish explorers who conquered parts of the Americas for Spain |
| Smallpox | introduced to the Americas during Columbian exchange= many Indigenous ppl died= facilitated European conquest |
| Cacao | brought from new to the old world, $ crop |
| Okra | vegetable used for medical purposes, brought from new to the old world, $ crop |
| Transatlantic slave trade | forced migration Africans to the Americas, driven by European demand for plantation labor |
| Cash crop | agricultural products grown for sale and profit rather than subsistence |
| African Diaspora | forced mass dispersion of Africans through the Transatlantic slave trade to the Americas and Europe, kept their cultures but lost lang |
| Creole (language) | language created by Africans in new world, mix of European langs, made bc Africans lost their lang, mostly in Caribbean (slaves used for sugar plantations) |
| Gumbo | African stew, cultural synthesis within the Atlantic world |
| Indentured servitude | a person worked for a master for a set term, used on plantations in Americas |
| Chattel slavery | enslaved people were legally defined as personal property (chattels) of the owner (ppl sold+bought), used on plantations |
| Asante and Kingdom of the Kongo | Both were W African states that grew wealthy by participating in the Atlantic trading system, |
| British East India Company (EIC) | English joint-stock company (forts built on E Indian Coast for trade), restricted by Mughal, once Mughal stopped they expanded inward |
| New Spain and Mexico City | New Spain= major Spanish colonial territory that facilitated trade through silver production, Mexico City= capitol city |
| Treaty of Tordesillas | Treaty that split new world around Spain+Portugal to prevent war, Portugal got less land (only Brazil) |
| Hispaniola | Spain's first colony in Americas, in the Caribbean, headquarters for further Spanish expansion in new world |
| Encomienda | Spanish colonial labor system where the Crown granted conquistadors control over native land and conquistadors forced Indigenous people into brutal coerced labor, in return got Christian conversion and protection |
| Bartolomé de Las Casas | Spanish missionary who renounced his slaves to fight against Spanish and encomienda sys, resulted in laws to protect indigenous ppl |
| Hacienda system | Spanish colonial economic system, ppl of Spanish decent= high status= justified forced labor of indigenous ppl |
| Mit'a sys | Spanish labor system adopted from Incan Empire |
| Merchantilism | eco where nation’s power depends on wealth (gold/silver) and favorable trade balance (exports > imports) |
| Middle Passage | Brutal part of triangle trade, enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to the America |
| Capitol | economy where wealth is the form of money |
| Commercial Revolution | shift from feudalism to a market-oriented, capitalist economy |
| Joint-stock companies and limited liability | JSC= company whose stock is owned by shareholders, limited liability= business owners/shareholders aren't responsible for the company’s debts, facilitated capitolism |
| Dutch East India Company (VOC) | 1st JSC, dominated trade, traded silver from Japan for spices and luxury goods in India/China to sell in Europe, capitolism |
| Triangular trade | transatlantic maritime network linking Europe, Africa, and the Americas |
| Monopolies | single company or person is the exclusive provider of a specific good |
| Dahomey and the Oyo | W African Empires, traded slaves to Europe for firearms |
| Viceroys | Spanish representatives in the Americas, consolidated power by enforcing imperial law |
| creoles | born in the Americas w Spanish descent, rank below peninsulares in the casta system (excluded from high-level government) |
| Santeria | syncretic religion developed in Cuba, blended African spirits and Catholicism |
| Vodun | West African monotheistic religion among enslaved people in Americas |
| Candomble | Afro-Brazilian religion developed by enslaved West Africans with Catholic elements |
| Virgin of Guadalupe | considered Virgin Mary in colonial spanish-america, indigenous+Catholic beliefs, led to conversion of natives to Catholicism |
| Ana Nzinga’s resistance | led war against Portuguese colonial expansion/slavery, successful |
| Maratha conflict with Mughals | Maratha's (Hindus) resisted Mughal rule bc of Aurangzeb's relig intolerance |
| Pueblo Revolts | indigenous Pueblo ppl against Spanish driven by religious persecution+forced labor, restored indigenous cultural traditions |
| Glorious Revolution | overthrow of the Catholic King James II of England by son and wife to end divine right of kings |
| Maroons, Maroon wars, and Queen Nanny | maroons- enslaved people who escaped, challenge British colonial rule ended in peace treaty, Queen Nanny- led maroons |
| Millet system | administrative sys in Ottoman, allowed religious communities (millets- Christians, Armenians, Jews) to gov themselves |
| European royalty vs. nobility | European royalty consolidated power through absolute monarchy, reduced power of nobility who used to have much power during fuedal Europe (middle ages)= power struggle |
| Sephardic Jews vs Ashkenazi Jews | Sephardic- spanish heritage, Ashkenazi- central+E Europe |
| Boyars vs serfs | Boyars- noble landowners (high class), serfs- worked the land (low class) |
| The Castas system | Spanish social ranking in Americas based on race: Spanish born (peninsulares), creoles , laborers (Africans+Natives) |
Created by:
Mia Ierano