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Bio II Chp 29 Vocab
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Plants evolved from what type of algae? | Green |
| What is the only type of present-day algae that shares certain distinctive traits with plants? | Charophytes |
| Cells of plants and charophytes have certain distinctive ____ embedded in the plasma membrane | circular rings of proteins |
| _____, in a particular clade, are the closest living relatives of plants | Charophytes |
| Sporopollenin | prevents exposed zygotes from drying out; found in charophytes |
| Alternation of generations | reproductive cycle involving sporophytes and gametophytes; does NOT occur in charophytes |
| Gametophyte | multicellular haploid |
| Sporophyte | multicellular diploid |
| Embryophytes | what plants are known as due to the multicellular dependent embryo of plants being such a significant derived trait (NOT shared by charophytes) |
| Sporangia | multicellular organs in the sporophyte that produce spores |
| Sporocytes | diploid cells // spore mother cells |
| Gametangia | multicellular organs that produce gametes |
| Archegonia | female gametangia |
| Antheridia | male gametangia |
| Apical meristems | regions at growing tips of the plant where one or more cells divide repeatedly |
| Cuticle | covering of the epidermis that consists of wax and other polymers; waterproofs and protects against desiccation (drying out) |
| Stomata | specialized pores which support photosynthesis by allowing the exchange of CO2 and O2 |
| Vascular tissue | cells joined into tubes that transport water and nutrients throughout the plant body |
| Vascular plants | most plants today that have a complex vascular tissue system |
| 3 examples of Nonvascular Plants | 1) Liverworts 2) Mosses 3) Hornworts |
| Bryophytes | what nonvascular plants are called |
| 2 clades of (Seedless) Vascular Plants | 1) Lycophytes 2) Monilophytes |
| Lycophytes | consists of club mosses and their relatives |
| Monilophytes | consists of ferns and their relatives |
| T or F: Vascular plants form a cladde that comprises about 93% of all extant (living) plant species | True |
| Seed | an embryo pachaged with a supply of nutrient inside a protective coat |
| Seed plants can be divided into 2 groups: | 1) Gymnosperms 2) Angiosperms |
| Gymnosperms | "naked seed" plants because their seeds are not enclosed in chambers; ex = conifers |
| Angiosperms | consists of all flowering plants; their seeds develop inside chambers that originate within flowers |
| Nearly 90% of living plant species are _____ | Angiosperms |
| 3 phyla of small, herbaceous (non-woody) plants: | 1) Liverworts 2) Mosses 3) Hornworts |
| ____ gametes are the DOMINANT stage of life cycle of bryophytes. | Haploid |
| Protonema | green, branched, one-cell-thick filaments produced by germinating moss spores; has large surface area to enhance water/nutrient absorption; produces one or more buds in favorable conditions |
| Gametophore | apical meristem on budlike growths that generates this gamete-producing structure |
| Rhizoids | anchors gametophytes; long, tubular single cells (in liverworts and hornworts) or filaments of cells (in mosses); are NOT composed of tissues; lack specialized conducting cells and do not play a primary role in water and mineral absorption |
| T or F: Gametophytes form multiple gametangia | True |
| Bryophyte sperm require ____ to reach the eggs. | a film of water |
| Bryophytes are ____. | mosses |
| 3 possible plant kingdoms (Clade image): | 1) Viridiplantae 2) Streptophyta 3) Plantae |
| How come mosses can survive such harsh conditions? | can survive the loss of most of their body water and rehydrate when moisture is available |
| What is peat moss's genus? | Sphagnum |
| What is Sphagnum? | often a large component of deposits of partially decayed organic material known as peat; does not decay easily and thus can preserve human/animal remains for thousands of years |
| 1st 100 million years of plant evolution = | Bryophytes |
| What plants dominate the Earth today? | Vascular plants |
| The cells of bryophyte sporophytes contain plastids that are ___. | Green |
| Tracheids | the xylem of most vascular plants includes tracheids, tube-shaped cells that carry water and minerals up from the roots |
| Xylem | conducts most of the water and minerals |
| Phloem | has cells arranged into tubes that distribute sugars, amino acids, and other organic products |
| 2 types of tissues of vascular plants: | 1) Xylem 2) Phloem |
| Microphylls | all lycophytes have these; small, often spine-shaped leaves supported by a single strand of vascular tissue |
| Megaphylls | almost all other vascular plants have these; leaves with a highly branched vascular system |
| Sporophylls | modified leaves that bear sporangia; vary greatly in structure |
| Sori | clusters of sporangia |
| Strobili | groups of sporophylls form these cone-like structures |
| Homosporous | most seedless vascular plant species |
| Heterosporous | has two types of sporophylls: megasporophylls and microsporophylls |
| Megasporophylls -> megasporangia -> ? | Megaspores; spore that develop into female gametophytes |
| Microsporophylls -> microsporangia -> ? | Microspores; smaller spores that develop into male gametophyes |
| All seed plants and a few seedless vascular plants are ____ | Heterosporous |
| Phylum Lycophyta includes: | club mosses, spikemosses, and quillworts |
| Phylum Monilophyta includes: | ferns, horsetails, and whisk ferns // relatives |
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