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Cell cycle
Bio
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Anaphase | the stage in mitosis and meiosis where sister chromatids (in mitosis/meiosis II) or homologous chromosomes (in meiosis I) separate and are pulled by spindle fibers toward opposite poles of the cell |
| Apoptosis | a form of programmed cell death (or "cellular suicide") that enables multicellular organisms to eliminate unwanted, damaged, or aging cells without causing inflammation. |
| Asexual Reproduction | a biological process where a single parent produces genetically identical offspring (clones) without the fusion of gametes, such as sperm and eggs |
| Cancer | a group of over 100 diseases characterized by the uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells, rather than following the normal cell life cycle of division, function, and death |
| Cell Cycle | the ordered series of stages eukaryotic cells pass through to grow, replicate their DNA, and divide into two identical daughter cells |
| Cell Division | the biological process by which a parent cell divides into two or more daughter cells |
| Centriole | small, cylindrical organelles found in pairs within most animal cells, usually near the nucleus, that are crucial for organizing microtubules during cell division |
| Centromere | a specialized, constricted region of DNA on a chromosome that links sister chromatids and acts as the anchor point for spindle fibers during cell division |
| Chromatid | one of the two identical, longitudinal halves of a replicated chromosome, joined by a centromere during cell division |
| Chromatin | a complex of DNA, RNA, and proteins (primarily histones) found in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells, forming chromosomes |
| Chromosome | a thread-like structure located inside the nucleus of animal and plant cells, composed of DNA tightly coiled around proteins called histones |
| Crossing Over | the exchange of genetic material between paired homologous chromosomes during prophase I of meiosis |
| Cytokinesis | the final physical division of a cell’s cytoplasm into two distinct daughter cells, occurring at the end of mitosis or meiosis |
| Differentation | the developmental process where unspecialized stem cells become specialized in structure and function, transforming into specific cell types (e.g., neurons, muscle cells) to form tissues and organs |
| Diploid | contains two complete sets of chromosomes, with one set inherited from each parent, totaling 2n chromosomes. |
| Gamete | A gamete is a haploid reproductive cell (sperm in males, egg/ovum in females) containing one set of chromosomes (23 in humans) that fuses with another gamete during fertilization to form a diploid zygote |
| Growth Factor | the irreversible increase in an organism's size, mass, or volume, driven by cell division (mitosis), cell enlargement, and differentiation |
| Haploid | refers to cells, organisms, or phases that contain a single set of chromosomes (n), which is half the number of chromosomes found in somatic diploid (2n) cells. |
| Homologous | pairs of matching chromosomes in diploid organisms, with one inherited from each parent |
| Interphase | the longest, most metabolically active phase of the cell cycle, occurring between nuclear divisions |
| Meiosis | a specialized type of cell division in sexually reproducing organisms that reduces the chromosome number by half, producing four genetically diverse haploid gametes (sperm or eggs) from one diploid germ cell |
| Metaphase | the stage in cell division (mitosis or meiosis) where condensed chromosomes align along the cell's equator, known as the metaphase plate, before separating |
| Mitosis | a fundamental process of cell division where a single eukaryotic "parent" cell divides to produce two genetically identical "daughter" cells |
| Prophase | the first stage of mitosis and meiosis I, where chromatin condenses into visible X-shaped chromosomes |
| Sexual Reproduction | a biological process in which two parents produce genetically unique offspring by combining their genetic material |
| Somatic Cell | any biological cell forming the body of an organism, excluding reproductive cells |
| Stem Cell | the body’s raw materials—unspecialized master cells capable of self-renewing indefinitely and differentiating into specialized cell types to repair or replace damaged tissue |
| Telophase | the final stage of mitosis and meiosis (I and II), where chromosomes reach opposite poles of the cell, the mitotic spindle breaks down, and new nuclear membranes form around each set of daughter chromosomes. |
| Tetrad | a group of four closely associated chromatids formed by the pairing (synapsis) of homologous chromosomes during prophase I of meiosis |
| Tumor | an abnormal mass of tissue resulting from cells that divide excessively or fail to die when they should |
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