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RAD 102 Final
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Classifications of diseases include: | Congenital, hereditary, inflammatory, degenerative, metabolic, traumatic, and neoplastic. |
| Congenital Disease: | Disease present at birth resulting from genetic/ environment factors. (down syndrome, cystic fibrosis, & muscular dyystrophy |
| Hereditary Disease: | Caused by developmental disorders genetically transmitted, derived from ancestors. (sickle cell anemia, hemophilia) |
| Inflammatory Disease: | Results from the body's reaction to a localized injurious agent. Ineffective, toxic, and allergy diseases. (Arthritis, influenza, ringworm.) |
| Metabolic Disease: | Caused by a disturbance of the normal physiologic function within the body. (High cholesterol, diabetes) |
| Degenerative Disease: | Caused by a deterioration of the body, associated with the aging process. (Azhimer's and Parkinson's disease.) |
| Traumatic Disease: | Results from the outside forces. Fracture: injury of the bone. Wound: injury of soft tissue parts associated with the skin. |
| Neoplastic Disease: | Results in new, abnormal tissue growth, related to tumors and cancer. |
| Proliferation refers: | to cell division |
| Differentiation refers: | To the process of cellular specialization |
| Levels of structures of the body: smallest to largest | Chemicals, atoms, molecules, cells, tissues, organs, systems, and organism. |
| What is the most common lethal nosocomial infection? | Pneumonia |
| List the structures that are protected within the boney thorax | The heart, lungs, mediastinal structures, and arteries |
| What condition shold be regarded as a sign of an important underlying condition, but not a disease entity? | Pleural Effusion |
| What is pleural effusion? | When excess fluid collects within the pleural cavity. It is a manifestation of the thoracic disease pulmonary or cardiac-related. It should be regarded not as a disease entity, but rather as a sign of an important underlying condition. |
| This procedure helps alleviate and drain fluid within the pleural cavity: | Thoracentesis |
| List palpable anatomical landmarks used for chest and abdominal positioning and their locations | 1. xyphoid process (level of T9 - T10) 2. Inferior Costal Rib Margin (level of L2-L3) 3. Iliac Crest (L4-L5) - most commonly used for abdominal landmark 4. ANterior Superior Iliac Spine 5. Greater trochanter 6. Symphysis Pubis 7. Ischial Tuberosity |
| What are the 4 major quadrants of the abdomen, and list 2 organs/structures that can be found in each? | Upper left and right quadrant Lower left and right quadrant |
| Upper left quadrant: | spleen, stomach, left kidney |
| Upper right quadrant: | liver gallbladder, duodenum |
| Lower left quadrant: | descending colon, sigmoid colon |
| Lower right quadrant: | ascending colon, appendix (vermiform), ileocecal valve. |
| List routine projections for the chest. | PA and lateral |
| List routine projections for ribs-upper and lower. | - AP bilateral - PA bilateral - Oblique (axillary): RAO, RPO, LAO, LPO |
| List routine projections for the sternum. | - PA Oblique (RAO) - Lateral |
| List routine projections for the abdomen. | - AP Supine (KUB) - AP Upright (erect) - AP Left Lateral Decubitus |
| List routine projections for the SC joints. | - AP bilateral - RAO and LAO |
| List routine projections for the fingers and hand. | - AP - OBLIQUE - LATERAL |
| List routine projections for the forearm and elbow. | - AP - Internal and external oblique - Lateral |
| List routine projections for the humerus + trauma. | AP, lateral, Transthoracic lateral (trauma) |
| List ONE non-routine view from EACH the chest, abdomen, and upper extremities. | Chest: AP lordotic projection, Abdomen: Dorsal decubitus projection, Upper extremities: Tangential projection of the carpal canal (Gaynor-Hart method) |
| List routine projections for the shoulder. | AP external rotation, AP internal rotation, AP oblique (Grashey), Scapular Y lateral |
| List routine projections of the AC joints. | AP projection (bilateral) without weights, AP projection (bilateral) with weights |
| List routine projections of the clavicle. | AP projection, AP axial projection |
| List routine projections of the scapula | AP scapula, Lateral scapula (scapular Y) |
| Chest pathology | Pneumothorax: A condition where air leaks between the lung and chest, preventing the lung from expanding due to the amount of pressure it is enduring, which creates a “collapsed lung.” |
| Abdomen pathology | Ascites: Accumulation of too much fluid in the belly, which can make the stomach appear enlarged and tight. This is also a sign of another underlying infection happening around the abdominal area. |
| Upper extremities pathology | Bursitis: Inflammation of the fluid-filled sac near a joint space, which is in between bones, muscles, and tendons. These sacs are protective cushions that prevent friction. Once irritated, it will create pain, swelling, and stiffness in the joint area. |
| List 3 different pathologies of the shoulder girdle. | ● Ac Joint Separation ● Hill-Sachs Defect ● Rotator Cuff |
| List the levels of hospitals and how they differ. | ● Level 1: Treats severe trauma ● Level 2: Treats most of the serious injuries ● Level 3: Emergency care and stabilization ● Level 4: Basic care/stabilizes pt before transfer. ● Level 5: Provides evaluation and stabilization before transfer. |
| List ONE non-routine view from EACH the foot, ankle, and knee. | ● Non-routine Foot: -Tangential: Sesamoid bone view in the 1st digit of the toe. ● Non-routine Ankle: -Stress view (Inversion/Eversion): Joint separation, ligament tear and rips. ● Non-routine Knee: - Weight-bearing: Cartilage degenerations |
| List the body systems and list 2 organs/structures for each. Skeletal | Femur/Elbow |
| List the body systems and list 2 organs/structures for each. Circulatory | Heart and blood vessels |
| List the body systems and list 2 organs/structures for each. Digestive. | Stomach/large intestine |
| List the body systems and list 2 organs/structures for each. Respiratory. | Lungs/ trachea |
| List the body systems and list 2 organs/structures for each. Urinary | Kidneys/bladder |
| List the body systems and list 2 organs/structures for each. Reproductive | Ovaries/ testies |
| List the body systems and list 2 organs/structures for each. Nervous | Brain brachii muscle/Trapezius muscle |
| List the body systems and list 2 organs/structures for each. Muscular | Bicep brachii muscle/trapezius muscle |
| List the body systems and list 2 organs/structures for each. Endocrine | Thyroid/pituitary gland |
| List the body systems and list 2 organs/structures for each. Integumentary | Skin |
| A general positioning rule is to place the long axis of the anatomical part ____ to the long axis of the image receptor. | Parallel |
| List the carpal bones. | ● Scaphoid, Lunate, Triquetrum, Pisiform (bottom) ● Trapezium, Trapezoid, Capitate, Hamate (Above) |
| List the tarsal bones. | ● Talus, Calcaneus, Navicular, Cuboid, Medial cuneiform, Intermediate cuniform, Lateral cuneiform |
| Simple fracture | broken bone, skin is not open |
| open fracture | bone breaks through skin |
| comminuted fracture | bone breaks into several pieces |
| Greenstick fracture | bone bend/ partially broken bone break |
| Transverse fracture | striaght across the break in the bone |
Created by:
Gina_d2