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Narrative Structures
Genette's Terms
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Time | How events relate to time in the story and how they are presented to the reader |
| Order | The relationship between the chronological sequence of events (story time) and the order they are presented (narrative time) |
| Analepsis | A shift backward in time (flashback) |
| Prolepsis | A shift forward in time (flashforward) |
| Advance Mention | A brief hint or foreshadowing of a future event |
| Anisochrony | When story time and narrative time move at different speeds |
| Achronic Structure | A narrative with no clear chronological order |
| Duration | The relationship between how long events take in the story and how long they take to read |
| Summary | A long period of time told briefly |
| Scene | Story time and narrative time are roughly equal |
| Pause | Story time stops while narration continues |
| Descriptive Pause | A pause focused on detailed description |
| Stretch | A short moment in story time is expanded in narration |
| Ellipsis | A period of story time is skipped entirely |
| Frequency | The relationship between how often events occur and how often they are told |
| Singulative | An event happens once and is told once |
| Repeating | An event happens once but is told multiple times |
| Iterative | An event happens multiple times but is told once |
| Mood | How the story is presented and perceived by the reader |
| Distance | The degree to which a story is told or shown |
| Diegesis | The narrator tells the story directly |
| Mimesis | The story is shown through action or dialogue |
| Focalization | Who sees or experiences the events in the story |
| Zero Focalization | The narrator knows everything about all characters (omniscient) |
| Internal Focalization | The story is filtered through one character’s thoughts |
| External Focalization | Only observable actions are presented; no access to thoughts |
| Voice | Who is telling the story and when it is being told |
| Narrative Level | The layers of storytelling within a narrative |
| Extradiegetic | The primary, first-level narrative act occurring outside the story world it tells. |
| Intradiegetic | The narrative level of the internal world where actions of the story take place. |
| Metadiegetic | A third-level story within another story. For example, an intradiegetic narrator tells a story |
| Narrator Type | The role of the narrator in relation to the story |
| Heterodiegetic Narrator | The narrator is not a character in the story |
| Homodiegetic Narrator | The narrator is a character in the story |
| Autodiegetic | The narrator is the main character talking about him/herself |
| Time of Narration | When the narrator tells the story relative to events |
| Subsequent Narration | The story is told after events have happened |
| Prior Narration | The story is told before events happen |
| Simultaneous Narration | The story is told as events occur |
| Interpolated Narration | A complex temporal mode combining subsequent and simultaneous narration. The narrator recounts past events (subsequent) while simultaneously offering present-tense impressions or commentary |
| Audience Type | The different audiences a narrative may address |
| Intradiegetic Audience | A listener within the story world |
| Extradiegetic Audience | The implied reader outside the story |
| Actual Audience | The real-life readers of the text |
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