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Psych packet 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Instincts | Innate fixed patterns of behavior in animals that are triggered by specific stimuli diving them to act in predictable ways. |
| Drive - Reduction theory | Behavior is motivated by the need to reduce internal drives caused by physiological deficits such as hunger or thirst aimning to restore homeostasis. |
| Ghrelin | Growling stomach a hormone produced in the stomach that stimulates appetite. |
| Leptin | Last bite hormone produced by fat cells that helps regulate energy balance by inhibiting hunger. |
| Belongingness | The innate human desire to form and sustain close, meaningful relationships, which significantly drives behavior and affects emotional health. |
| Arousal Theory | Individuals are motivated to maintain an optimal level of alertness seeking to increase alertness when it is too low and decrease it when it is too high to enhance performance and well being. |
| Yerkes - Dodson Law | Performance increases with physiological or mental arousal but only up to a point when levels of arousal become too high performance decreases. |
| Sensation seeking theory | Proposes that one's motivation is driven by the need for varied, novel, and intense experiences. |
| Adventure seeking | A component of sensation seeking theory where individuals are motivated by the desire for new and challenging experiences often involving physical activities and exploration. |
| Disinhibition | Refers to the tendency to seek out social and experimental thrills by engaging in behaviors that are typically restrained by social norms and inhibitions. |
| Boredom Susceptibility | Refers to an individual's intolerance for repetitive or monotonous experiences leading them to seek out new and stimulating activities to avoid boredom. |
| Incentive Theory | Behavior is motivated by the desire for external rewards or incentives which can include money, praise, or other tangible benefits. |
| Self - Determination Theory | Process that people are motivated by intrinsic (internal) motivated such as personal growth and fulfillment or extrinsic (external) motivations, such as rewards and recognition. |
| Intrinsic Motivation | Refers to engaging in activities for their own sake, driven by internal rewards such as personal satisfaction enjoyment or a sense of achievement. |
| Extrinsic Motivation | Engaging in behavior due to external rewards or pressures, such as money grades or approval from others. |
| Lewin's Motivational Conflicts Theory | Describes the psychological struggles individuals face when making decisions. |
| Approach - Approach Conflicts | Occur when the individual must choose between two desirable options, leading to a conflict of which positive outcome to pursue. |
| Avoidance - Avoidance Conflicts | Occur when an individual must choose between two undesirable options, leading to a conflict of which negative outcome to avoid. |
| Approach - Avoidance Conflicts | Occurs when an individual is drawn to and repelled by the same option, leading to a conflict between the desire for a positive outcome and the fear of a negative consequence. |
| Emotion | Or affect is a feeling that involves our thoughts, body reactions, and actions, and is influenced by what happens inside us and around us. |
| Elicitors | Stimuli or events that trigger and emotional response in an individual. |
| Arousal comes before emotion | Suggests that emotions follow bodily arousal, we feel sad because we cry, and afraid because we tremble. |
| Facial - feedback hypothesis | Suggests that facial expressions can influence emotions, meaning that smiling can make you feel happier and frowning can make you feel sadder. |
| Arousal and emotion occur simultaneously | arousal and emotion occur simultaneously and independently, an emotion triggering stimulus causes both bodily arousal and emotional experience at the same time. |
| Arousal - cognitive label = emotion | Emotion is the result of physiological arousal and a cognitive label, our interpretation of arousal determines the specific emotion we experience. |
| Broaden and build theory of emotion | Positive emotions help us think more openly and try new things, making us stronger. negative emotions do the opposite making us think narrowly and act less. |
| Universal emotions | idea that certain emotional expressions are recognized and experienced similarly across different cultures. |
| Display rules | cultural norms that dictate how, when and where individuals should express emotions. |
| Psychodynamic Theory | Suggests that personality is shaped by unconscious forces internal conflicts and defence mechanisms originally developed by Sigmund Freud emphasizing the influence of childhood experiences and unconscious drives. |
| Preconscious mind | Contains thoughts and feelings that are not currently in conscious awareness but can be easily accessed when needed. |
| Unconscious Mind | Consists of processes and memories that are beyond conscious awareness and significantly influence thoughts, feelings and behaviors. |
| Projective tests | Tools by psychodynamic personality by eliciting responses that reveal the contents of the preconscious and unconscious Mind. |
| Ego defense mechansism | Unconscious strategies used by the ego to protect itself from anxiety and percieved threats. |
| Denial | An ego defense mechanism where and individuals unconsciously refuses to acknowledge reality or facts there by protecting themselves from uncomfortable truths. |
| Displacement | An ego defense mechanism where emotional impulses are redirected from the original source to a safer or more acceptable substitute target. |
| Projection | An ego defense mechanism where individuals attribute their own unacceptable feelings thoughts or motives to someone else, thus deflecting self- criticism. |
| Rationalization | An ego defense mechanism where individuals justify and explain their behavior or feelings in a seemingly rational or logical manner to avoid confronting the true underlying reasons. |
| Reaction Formation | An ego defense mechanism where individuals suppress unacceptable impulses by unconsciously displaying the opposite behavior or emotion. |
| Regression | An ego defense mechanism where individuals reverts to earlier stages of development and childlike behaviors when faced with stress or emotional conflict. |
| Repression | An ego defense mechanism where distresseing thoughts and feelings are unconsciously blocked from entering consious awareness. |
| Sublimation | An ego defense mechanism where negative urges and impulses are channeled into socially acceptable or constructive activities. |
| Humanistic Psychology | Emphasizes the study of the whole person and the uniqueness of each individual, particularly focusing on self - growth and unconditional positive regard as essential for acheviving personal potential. |
| Unconditional regard | An individual is accepted and loved as they are without any conditioning or judgements fostering personal growth and self - acceptance. |
| Self- Actualizing tendency | Refers to the innate drive in every indivdual to grow develop and realize their fullest potential. |
| Social Cognitive theory | Theory that emphasizes the influence of cognitive processes, behaviors and context in understanding personality and human actions. |
| Reciprocal Determination | Concept in social Cognitive theory proposing that an individual's behavior, personal factors like thoughts and emotions and enviorment influence each other interactively. |
| Self concept | An individuals perception of themselves encompassing self awareness and the evaluation of their role in relation to others. |
| Self efficacy | The belief in your ability to succed in specific situations or accomplish a task which plays a crucial role In how goals tasks and challenges are approached. |
| Social Esteem | A persons overall subjective emotional evaluation of their own worth. it is a judgment of oneself as well as an attitude toward them selves. |
| Trait Theories | Suggest that personality is made up of stable characteristics called traits that consistently influence how a person thinks and behaves. |
| Big five theory | Identifies five broad dimensions of personality openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism, that describe the main traits of human personality. |
| Personality Inventories | Standardized tools used to asses and measure individual personality traits and characteristics through self report questionaires. |
| Factor analysis | A statisitical method used to identify clusters of related items (factors) in a set of data. |
| Openness to experience | A personality trait that encompasses a person's imagination curiosity and willingness to engage with new ideas, experiences and creative pursuits. |
| Conscientiousness | A personality trait marked by organization dependability discipline and a goal directed approach to life. |
| Extraversion | a personality trait characterized by high levels of social ability energy assertiveness and a strong preference for social interaction and stimulation. |
| Agreeableness | A personality trait characterized by warmth kindness empathy and a cooperative and trusting nature. |
| Emotional stability | refers to the trait of having consistent emotional reactions resilience and the ability to remain calm and composed under stress. |
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