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Stack #4650620
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Instincts | innate, fixed patterns of behavior in animals that are triggered by specific stimuli, driving them to act in predictable ways. |
| Drive-Reduction Theory | behavior is motivated by the need to reduce internal drives caused by physiological deficits, such as hunger or thirst, aiming to restore homeostasis. |
| Homeostasis | the body’s effort to maintain stable internal conditions. |
| Ghrelin | a hormone produced in the stomach that stimulates appetite. |
| Leptin | hormone produced by fat cells that helps regulate energy balance by inhibiting hunger. |
| Belongingness | the innate human desire to form and sustain close, meaningful relationships, which significantly drives behavior and affects emotional health. |
| Arousal Theory | individuals are motivated to maintain an optimal level of alertness, seeking to increase alertness when it is too low and decrease it when it is too high, to enhance performance and well-being. |
| Yerkes-Dodson Law | performance increases with physiological or mental arousal (alertness), but only up to a point; when levels of arousal become too high, performance decreases. |
| Sensation-Seeking Theory | proposes that one's motivation is driven by the need for varied, novel, and intense experiences. |
| Thrill Seeking | a component of sensation-seeking theory, where individuals are motivated by the desire for intense and exciting experiences, often involving risk. |
| Adventure Seeking | a component of sensation-seeking theory, where individuals are motivated by the desire for new and challenging experiences, often involving physical activities and exploration. |
| Disinhibition | refers to the tendency to seek out social and experiential thrills by engaging in behaviors that are typically restrained by social norms and inhibitions. |
| Boredom Susceptibility | refers to an individual's intolerance for repetitive or monotonous experiences, leading them to seek out new and stimulating activities to avoid boredom. |
| Incentive Theory | behavior is motivated by the desire for external rewards or incentives, which can include money, praise, or other tangible benefits. |
| Self-Determination Theory | proposes that people are motivated by intrinsic (internal) motivations, such as personal growth and fulfillment, or extrinsic (external) motivations, such as rewards and recognition. |
| Intrinsic Motivation | refers to engaging in activities for their own sake, driven by internal rewards such as personal satisfaction, enjoyment, or a sense of achievement. |
| Extrinsic Motivation | engaging in behavior due to external rewards or pressures, such as money, grades, or approval from others. |
| Lewin’s Motivational Conflicts Theory | describes the psychological struggles individuals face when making decisions. |
| Approach-Approach Conflicts | occur when an individual must choose between two desirable options, leading to a conflict of which positive outcome to pursue. |
| Avoidance-Avoidance Conflicts | occur when an individual must choose between two undesirable options, leading to a conflict of which negative outcome to avoid. |
| Approach-Avoidance Conflicts | occur when an individual is drawn to and repelled by the same option, leading to a conflict between the desire for a positive outcome and the fear of a negative consequence. |
| Emotion or affect | is a feeling that involves our thoughts, body reactions, and actions, and is influenced by what happens inside us and around us. |
| Elicitors | stimuli or events that trigger an emotional response in an individual. |
| Arousal Comes Before Emotion | suggests that emotions follow bodily arousal; we feel sad because we cry, and afraid because we tremble. |
| Facial-Feedback Hypothesis | suggests that facial expressions can influence emotions, meaning that smiling can make you feel happier and frowning can make you feel sadder. |
| Arousal and Emotion Occur Simultaneously | arousal and emotion occur simultaneously and independently; an emotion-triggering stimulus causes both bodily arousal and emotional experience at the same time. |
| Arousal + Cognitive Label = Emotion | emotion is the result of physiological arousal and a cognitive label; our interpretation of arousal determines the specific emotion we experience. |
| Broaden-and-Build Theory of Emotion | positive emotions help us think more openly and try new things, making us stronger. Negative emotions do the opposite, making us think narrowly and act less. |
| Universal Emotions | idea that certain emotional expressions are recognized and experienced similarly across different cultures. |
| Display Rules | cultural norms that dictate how, when, and where individuals should express emotions. |
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