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Unit 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Air movements other than breathing (e.g., coughing, sneezing) are called: | Nonrespiratory movements |
| Oxygen bound to hemoglobin forms: | Oxyhemoglobin |
| A patient with chronic liver inflammation caused by a virus has: | Hepatitis |
| A patient has decreased surfactant production. What is the most likely immediate consequence? | Increased surface tension leading to alveolar collapse (atelectasis) |
| Minute ventilation (MV) is calculated as: | TV × respiratory rate (RR) |
| Alveolar dead space refers to: | Air that reaches nonfunctional alveoli with poor blood flow |
| Bicarbonate ions in saliva help by: | Keeping pH favorable and protecting teeth from acidic foods |
| Pontine respiratory groups help control breathing primarily by: | Limiting the duration of inspiration |
| Peripheral chemoreceptors typically produce a major response when blood O2 decreases to about: | 50% of normal |
| Partial pressure is best defined as: | The pressure each gas contributes to the total pressure in a mixture |
| Most of the alveolar wall consists of: | Type I cells (simple squamous epithelium) |
| A patient has elevated LDL levels. In this context LDL is described as being high in: | Cholesterol |
| A patient's arterial PCO2 rises. The expected ventilatory response is: | Increased ventilation to lower PCO2 |
| Parietal pleura are: | The outer layer lining the thoracic cavity |
| A small fraction of oxygen (about 1-2%) is transported: | Dissolved in plasma |
| A major function of the large intestine is to: | Absorb water and electrolytes and form feces |
| A person has a tidal volume of 450 mL and a respiratory rate of 16/min. What is the minute ventilation (MV)? | 7200 mL/min |
| Physiologic dead space is: | Anatomic dead space plus alveolar dead space |
| A patient on a very low-carbohydrate diet still must supply glucose for glucose-dependent cells. Which pathway makes glucose from amino acids and glycerol? | Gluconeogenesis |
| Organs of the upper respiratory tract include all of the following EXCEPT the: | Trachea |
| A dietary guideline mentioned advises that fat should not exceed about: | 30% of total daily calories |
| A patient has been fasting and needs glucose. The pathway that breaks down glycogen to release glucose is: | Glycogenolysis |
| Nasal conchae are also known as: | Turbinate bones |
| Age-related changes can decrease gas exchange area because: | Alveolar walls thin and alveoli merge |
| Peripheral chemoreceptors mainly sense changes in blood: | O2 |
| Amino acids are absorbed into: | Blood vessels of villi by active transport |
| A patient develops diarrhea after a strong peristaltic rush due to intestinal irritation. The rush most directly occurs in the: | Small intestine |
| Paranasal sinuses are air-filled spaces in the: | Maxillary, frontal, ethmoid, and sphenoid bones |
| Bicarbonate ions in pancreatic juice primarily: | Neutralize acidic chyme by making the juice alkaline |
| A clinician explains that Ca and P are major contributors to body mineral content. Together they account for nearly: | 75% of mineral elements by weight |
| A function of the paranasal sinuses is to: | Resonate the voice |
| A fecal occult blood test is primarily used in screening for: | Colorectal cancer |
| A patient consumes excess calories over time. Which outcome best reflects positive energy balance? | Weight gain due to storage of excess nutrients |
| As chyme enters the duodenum, the enterogastric reflex: | Slows stomach emptying |
| A diet provides adequate calories but a bile salt deficiency causes fat-soluble vitamin deficiency. This is best classified as: | Secondary malnutrition |
| A patient reports right upper quadrant pain that radiates to the back/right shoulder with nausea. This pattern is most consistent with: | Gallbladder disease (possible gallstones) |
| A person has a tidal volume of 450 mL, physiologic dead space of 150 mL, and respiratory rate of 16/min. What is the alveolar ventilation rate (AVR)? | 4800 mL/min |
| A patient feels very hungry after fasting. Which hormone secreted by the stomach enhances appetite? | Ghrelin |
| A person has a tidal volume of 600 mL, physiologic dead space of 150 mL, and respiratory rate of 10/min. What is the alveolar ventilation rate (AVR)? | 4500 mL/min |
| Olfactory receptors are located primarily in the: | Upper portion of the nasal cavity |
| A bomb calorimeter measures: | The caloric content (potential energy) of foods |
| A key structural feature of saturated fatty acids is that they have: | No double bonds between carbon atoms |
| A patient reports taking large doses of a vitamin and developing toxicity. Which vitamin class is most associated with overdose risk due to storage? | Fat-soluble vitamins |
| A healthy human can survive without food for approximately: | 50 to 70 days |
| A stool sample shows strong unpleasant odor. Which source best explains it? | Bacterial compounds such as hydrogen sulfide, indole, and ammonia |
| A patient has impaired mucociliary clearance due to cilia paralysis. This would most directly increase risk of: | Respiratory infections |
| A respiratory cycle consists of: | One inspiration followed by one expiration |
| A nutrient deficiency severe enough to cause the body to consume structural molecules (e.g., muscle proteins) can ultimately lead to: | Death |
| Most oxygen (about 98-99%) is transported in blood by: | Binding to hemoglobin in RBCs |
| A patient complains of frequent constipation. Which large intestine role is most relevant? | Water absorption and feces formation/storage |
| A clinician explains that secretin release will increase bicarbonate-rich pancreatic juice primarily to: | Neutralize acidic chyme entering the duodenum |
| A major function of the respiratory system is regulation of: | Blood pH |
| Organs of the lower respiratory tract include the: | Bronchial tree |
| One hemoglobin molecule can bind up to: | 4 O2 molecules |
| Accessory digestive organs are defined as organs that: | Empty secretions into the alimentary canal |
| A patient has pale feces, dark urine, and jaundice. Which organ is most directly involved? | Liver/bile system |
| A typical life-span change in the digestive system is that tooth enamel: | Thins and teeth may become sensitive |
| Pneumonia impairs gas exchange mainly because: | Alveoli swell and fill with fluid and WBCs, decreasing surface area |
| After delivering O2 to tissues, venous blood still has hemoglobin about: | 75% saturated |
| A lacteal in a villus is a: | Lymphatic capillary that absorbs large fats |
| A patient eats a high-carbohydrate meal and excess glucose is stored first. The storage form produced in liver and muscle is: | Glycogen |
| Normal resting expiration is primarily: | Passive due to elastic recoil and surface tension |
| A person has a tidal volume of 500 mL, physiologic dead space of 150 mL, and respiratory rate of 12/min. What is the alveolar ventilation rate (AVR)? | 4200 mL/min |
| A factor that can influence BMR includes: | Thyroid hormone activity |
| Peripheral chemoreceptors are located in: | Carotid and aortic bodies |
| Age-related changes may reduce bronchiole dilation because: | Connective tissue replaces muscle in bronchioles |
| A person has a tidal volume of 500 mL and a respiratory rate of 12/min. What is the minute ventilation (MV)? | 6000 mL/min |
| Aging may increase susceptibility to respiratory infections partly because: | Macrophages lose efficiency and mucus thickens |
| Bile flows from ductules to hepatic ducts and then to the: | Common hepatic duct |
| A clinician explains that lipids have more energy per gram than carbohydrates. Which value supports this? | 9.5 Calories/gram for lipids |
| Bile enters the duodenum at the hepatopancreatic ampulla, regulated by the: | Hepatopancreatic sphincter |
| A patient presents with edema related to low plasma oncotic pressure from inadequate protein intake. This condition is best explained by: | Decreased plasma proteins from protein deficiency |
| Normal resting inspiration uses primarily the: | Diaphragm and external intercostal muscles |
| A patient is advised that cooking can reduce intake of certain vitamins. Which vitamins are most likely to be destroyed by cooking/processing? | Water-soluble vitamins |
| A clinician describes BMR. Which condition best matches basal conditions? | Awake and resting after an overnight fast in a comfortable environment |
| A patient with asthma experiences wheezing primarily due to: | Bronchoconstriction in smaller airways |
| A patient with vitamin B12 malabsorption due to lack of intrinsic factor likely has impaired function of which stomach cell? | Parietal cell |
| Bile salts aid fat digestion primarily by: | Emulsifying fats to increase surface area for lipase |
| A patient has high HDL levels. HDL is described as being high in: | Protein |
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Saqdou6618