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Chapter 17-19
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| A patient consumes excess calories over time. Which outcome best reflects positive energy balance? | Weight gain due to storage of excess nutrients |
| Nasal conchae are also known as what? | Turbinates (also called turbinate bones) |
| Oxygen bound to hemoglobin forms | Oxyhemoglobin |
| A patient has impaired mucociliary clearance due to cilia paralysis. This would most directly increase the risk of | Respiratory infections |
| Normal resting expiration is primarily | Passive due to elastic recoil and surface tension |
| Accessory digestive organs are defined as organs that | Empty secretions into the alimentary canal |
| A key structural feature of saturated fatty acids is that they have | No double bonds between carbon atoms |
| A lacteal in the villus is a | Lymphatic capillary that absorbs large fats |
| A patient with chronic liver inflammation caused by a virus has | Hepatitis |
| Most oxygen (about 98–99%) is transported in the blood by | Binding to hemoglobin in red blood cells |
| A bomb calorimeter measures | The caloric content (potential energy) of foods |
| A person has a tidal volume of 450 mL, physiologic dead space of 150 mL, and a respiratory rate of 16/min. What is the alveolar ventilation rate (AVR)? | 4,800 mL per minute |
| A patient’s arterial PCO₂ rises. The expected ventilatory response is | Increased ventilation to lower PCO₂ |
| A nutrient deficiency severe enough to cause the body to consume structural molecules such as muscle proteins can ultimately lead to | Death |
| A patient on a very low carbohydrate diet must still supply glucose for glucose-dependent cells. Which pathway makes glucose from amino acids and glycerol? | Gluconeogenesis |
| Air movements other than breathing, such as cough and sneezing, are called | Non-respiratory movements |
| Peripheral chemoreceptors typically produce a major response when blood O₂ decreases to about | 50% of normal |
| A fecal occult blood test is primarily used in screening for | Colorectal cancer |
| Amino acids are absorbed into blood vessels of villi by | Blood vessels of villi by active transport |
| Organs of the upper respiratory tract include all of the following except | Trachea |
| Pneumonia impairs gas exchange mainly because | Alveoli swell and fill with fluid and white blood cells, decreasing surface area |
| A factor that influences BMR includes | Thyroid hormone activity |
| A patient with vitamin B12 malabsorption due to lack of intrinsic factor likely has impaired function of which stomach cell? | Parietal cell |
| A typical lifespan change in the digestive system is that | Thins and teeth may become sensitive |
| Normal resting inspiration uses primarily | The diaphragm and external intercostal muscles |
| Age-related changes can decrease gas exchange area because | Aviola walls thin and aviola merge |
| A diet provides adequate calories, but a bile salt deficiency causes fat-soluble vitamin deficiency. This is best classified as | Secondary malnutrition |
| A clinician describes BMR. Which condition best matches basal conditions? | Awake and resting after an overnight fast in a comfortable environment |
| A patient taking large doses of vitamins develops toxicity. Which vitamin class is most associated with overdose risk due to storage? | Fat-soluble vitamins |
| A patient complains of frequent constipation. Which large intestine role is most relevant? | Water absorption and feces formation/storage |
| As chyme enters the duodenum, the enterogastric reflex | Slows stomach emptying |
| Aging may increase susceptibility to respiratory infections partly because | Macrophages lose efficiency and mucus thickens |
| A healthy human can survive without food approximately | 50 to 70 days |
| A patient presents with edema related to low plasma oncotic pressure from inadequate protein intake. This condition is best explained by | Decreased plasma proteins from protein deficiency |
| A person has a tidal volume of 450 mL and a respiratory rate of 16/min. What is the minute ventilation (MV)? | 7,200 mL per minute |
| Parietal pleura are | The outer layer lining the thoracic cavity |
| A person has a tidal volume of 500 mL and a respiratory rate of 12/min. What is the minute ventilation (MV)? | 6,000 mL per minute |
| Age-related changes may reduce bronchial dilation because | Connective tissue replaces muscle in bronchioles |
| The major function of the respiratory system is regulation of | Blood pH |
| A function of the paranasal sinuses is to | Resonate the voice |
| Partial pressure is best defined as | The pressure each gas contributes to the total pressure in a mixture |
| A respiratory cycle consists of | One inspiration followed by one expiration |
| LDL is high in | Cholesterol |
| Vitamins destroyed by cooking are | Water-soluble vitamins |
| Decreased surfactant causes | ncreased surface tension leading to alveolar collapse |
| Olfactory receptors are located in | Upper portion of the nasal cavity |
| Peristaltic rush causing diarrhea occurs in | Small intestine |
| Asthma wheezing occurs due to | Bronchoconstriction in smaller airways |
| Excess glucose is stored as | Glycogen |
| Bile flows into | Common hepatic duct |
| HDL is high in | Protein |
| Alveolar dead space refers to | Air that reaches alveoli that are not well perfused with blood |
| A small fraction of oxygen is transported as | Dissolved in plasma |
| Recommended fat intake is about | 30% of total daily calories |
| Paranasal sinuses are located in | Maxillary, frontal, ethmoid, and sphenoid bones |
| Lipids provide energy of | About 9.5 Calories per gram |
| The lower respiratory tract includes | The bronchial tree |
| A person with TV 500 mL, dead space 150 mL, RR 12/min has AVR of | 4,200 mL per minute |
| A patient with Edema related to low plasma oncoyic pressure from inadequate protein intake. This conditions is best explained by: | High bile salt production |
| A major function of the large intestine is to | Absorb water and electrolytes and form feces |
| The alveolar wall consists mainly of | Type I alveolar cells (simple squamous epithelium) |
| Pontine respiratory centers function to | Limit the duration of inspiration |
| Breakdown of glycogen to glucose is | Glycogenolysis |
| Secretin primarily functions to | Neutralize acidic chyme in the small intestine |
| Bicarbonate in saliva helps to | Maintain oral pH and protect against acids |
| Physiologic dead space is | The sum of anatomic and alveolar dead space |
| Calcium and phosphorus together make up | About 75% of mineral content in the body |
| Venous blood hemoglobin saturation is about | 75% |
| Minute ventilation is calculated as | Tidal volume multiplied by respiratory rate |
| Peripheral chemoreceptors are located in | Carotid and aortic bodies |
| Pale feces, dark urine, and jaundice indicate a problem with | The liver or bile system |
| A person with TV 600 mL, dead space 150 mL, RR 10/min has AVR of | 4,500 mL per minute |
| Bicarbonate in pancreatic juice functions to | Neutralize acidic chyme entering the duodenum |
| One hemoglobin molecule binds | Four oxygen molecules |
| Bile salts function to | Emulsify fats to aid digestion |
| Increased arterial PCO₂ causes | Increased ventilation to remove excess CO₂ |
| The hormone that increases hunger is | Ghrelin |
| Right upper quadrant pain radiating to the shoulder suggests | Gallbladder disease such as gallstones |
| A person with TV 600 mL and RR 10/min has MV of | 6,000 mL per minute |
| Nasal conchae are also called | Turbinate bones |
| Peripheral chemoreceptors respond primarily to | Low oxygen levels in the blood |
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