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BASIC NET - 3
Networking Standards and Models
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Why Networking Standards Are Needed? | To help ensure that manufacturers build equipment that can intercommunicate |
| Provide common ground for transmitting data, manufacturing compatible network equipment, and designing operating systems for use on a network | Standards for Networking |
| An organization that works to set standards for all types of products, including computer network equipment | ANSI: American National Standards Institute |
| An organization of scientists, engineers, technicians, and educators that has influenced in particular standards for network cabling and data transmissions | IEEE: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers |
| An international standards body that develops telecommunications standards for modems, digital telephone systems, and e-mail | CCITT: Consultative Committee for International Telephony and Telegraphy |
| An international body that establishes communications and networking standards | ISO: International Organization for Standardization |
| A model provides a framework for network communications based on seven functional layers. -- Developed by the ISO and ANSI | Open Systems Interconnect (OSI) |
| - How network equipment is designed and implemented - How network equipment affects network software services | OSI Model |
| Provides the transfer medium (such as cable) Translates data into a transmission signal appropriate to the transfer medium | Physical Layer (Layer 1) |
| is one that can vary continuously, such as in a wave pattern with positive and negative voltage levels. | analog transmission |
| transmission has distinct levels to represent binary 1s and 0s, such as On and Off or +5 volts and 0 volts. | digital |
| caused by magnetic force fields that are generated by electrical devices | EMI Electromagnetic interference |
| caused by electrical devices that emit radio waves at the same frequency used by network signal transmission | RFI radio frequency interference |
| - Constructs data packets using the appropriate format for the network - Initiates the communications link and makes sure it is not interrupted for node-to-node physical reliability | Data Link Layer (Layer 2) |
| is an error detection method that calculates a value for the total size of the information | cycle redundancy check (CRC) |
| Is a data link sublayer of the OSI model that initiates the communication link between nodes | Logical link control (LLC) |
| is a data link layer sublayer that examines addressing information contained in network frames and controls how devices share communications on the same network. | Media access control (MAC |
| does not establish logical connection between sending and receiving nodes | Type 1 operation (connectionless service) |
| logical connection must be established between sending and receiving nodes before full communications begin | Type 2 operation (connection-oriented service): |
| Determines the network path on which to route frames | Network Layer (Layer 3) |
| is a physical device that contains software to enable frames formatted on one network to reach a different network in a format that the second network understands. | router |
| is a logical communication path established by the OSI network layer for sending and receiving data. | virtual circuit |
| - Ensures reliability of packet transmissions from node to node - Ensures data packets are sent and received in the same order | Transport Layer (Layer 4) |
| is used to make sure one device does not send information faster than can be received by another device. | Flow control |
| Initiates the communication link Makes sure the communication link is maintained Determines which node transmits at any point in time | Session Layer (Layer 5) |
| Translates data to a format the receiving node understands, such as from EBCDIC to ASCII | Presentation Layer (Layer 6) |
| Used mainly on IBM mainframe computers Specially coded 256-character set | Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code (EBCDIC |
| Commonly used character set 96 uppercase & lowercase characters and numbers, plus 32 nonprinting characters | American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII) |
| Enables sharing remote drives, printers, email messages, file transfer services | Application Layer (Layer 7) |
| is a service used via the application layer that makes one computer visible to another for access through the network. | Microsoft redirector |
| is a command used to transfer information from one layer in an OSI stack to another layer. | primitive |
| Send data on to the physical wire | Physical |
| Reads the MAC address from the data packets | Data Link |
| Reads the Ip address from data packets | Network |
| Responsible for the transport protocol and error handling | Transport |
| Established/ends connections between two hosts | Session |
| Formats the data so that is can be viewed by the user -- Encrypt and decrypts | Presentation |
| Servicers that are used with end user applications | Application |
| SENDING CABLE --> FIBER RECEIVING CABLE | Physical |
| FRAMES ---> ETHERNET WIFI --> INTRA-NETWORK COMMUNICATIONS | Data Link |
| PACKETS -- > IP, ICMP, IPSEC <-- PACKET ASSEMBLY | Network |
| SEGMENTATION --> TCP UDP --> REASSEMBLY | Transport |
| SOCKETS | Session |
| COMPRESSION -- ENCODING -- ECRYPTION (TLS SSL) | Presentation |
| (REQUEST) --- HTTP FTP SMTP --- RESPONSE | Application |
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