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Mar 30 Microbio #3
Microbio Exam 3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Gram-stained bacteria in the human intestine are most likely + or - | intestine n- negative: gram negative |
| genus of anaerobic human pathogens that cause tetanus and botulism? | clostridium |
| Which of the following is an intracellular parasite? | ricksettia (spread through tick bites), microsporidia |
| what's a vector? | self-replicating DNA molecule (usually a plasmid) used to carry a gene into another cell |
| clone def. | group of genetically identical cells that all originated from a single parent cell |
| describe restriction enzymes | Proteins that cut DNA at specific sequences, originally used by bacteria to defend against viral DNA |
| methylation | chemical modification of bacterial DNA that protects it from being cut by its own restriction enzymes |
| ori (origin of replication) | DNA sequence on a plasmid that allows it to replicate independently inside a cell |
| ampR gene | ampicillin resistance gene, marker helps us identify cells containing the plasmid |
| marker gene | gene used to indicate whether foreign DNA has been successfully inserted into a cell |
| lacZ gene in blue-white screening | gene that produces beta-galactosidase, an enzyme that breaks down lactose and is used in blue-white screening |
| what's blue white screening | method that identifies recombinant bacteria by color change when grown with X-gal. |
| conjugation | transfer of genetic material between bacteria through direct cell-to-cell contact |
| selection | growing organisms under conditions that allow only those with desired traits or genes to survive |
| whats a mutation | change in the DNA sequence that can alter gene function or produce new traits |
| site-directed mutagenesis | change a specific DNA sequence to change proteins, thus yielding a desired gene |
| PCR | replicate DNA quicker, uses Taq polymerase, denatures DNA, primers annealed (copied), elongated |
| TAQ polymerase | heat-stable DNA polymerase from Thermus aquaticus used to synthesize DNA during PCR |
| what's denaturation | PCR step where heat separates the two DNA strands |
| what's annealing | PCR step where primers bind to complementary DNA sequences |
| what's elongation | PCR step where DNA polymerase builds new DNA strands by adding complementary nucleotides |
| what's transformation | process where bacteria take up free DNA from their environment. |
| what's electroporation | method that uses an electric pulse to create pores in cell membranes so DNA can enter |
| protoplast fusion | plant cell walls removed, then they're fused to make a hybrid |
| gene gun | device that shoots microscopic DNA-coated metal particles into cells to deliver genes |
| microinjection | technique that inserts DNA directly into a cell using a microscopic needle |
| genomic library | collection of cloned DNA fragments representing an organism’s entire genome |
| cDNA | complementary DNA, created by mRNA using reverse transcriptase, used in gene cloning |
| recombinant DNA | DNA formed by combining genetic material from different sources |
| aerobic respiration | metabolic process that uses oxygen to completely break down glucose and produce large amounts of ATP |
| peptidoglycan | structural molecule in bacterial cell walls that provides rigidity and protection. |
| proteobacteria | large group of gram-negative bacteria classified using ribosomal RNA sequences (abGde, alpha, beta, gamma, delta, epsilon) |
| facultative anaerobe | organism that can grow with or without oxygen |
| endospore | Dormant, highly resistant structures formed by some bacteria to survive harsh conditions |
| cyanobacteria | Photosynthetic bacteria that produce oxygen and contributed to oxygenating Earth’s atmosphere |
| acid-fast bacteria | Bacteria with waxy mycolic acids in their cell walls that require special staining methods (acid fuschin on mycobacterium) |
| archaea | Prokaryotic organisms distinct from bacteria that often live in extreme environments |
| extremophiles | high heat, salt, or acidity |
| hyperthermophiles | deep sea vents hotter than thermophiles |
| methanogens | Archaea that produce methane as a metabolic byproduct. |
| halophiles | Organisms that require high salt concentrations to grow (halo from salt circle) |
| acidophiles | Organisms that thrive in highly acidic environments |
| phylogeny | evolutionary history and relationships among organisms |
| systematics | scientific study of the diversity of organisms and their evolutionary relationships |
| taxonomy | science of naming and classifying organisms into groups |
| three domains | archaea, bacteria, eukarya |
| binary fission | method of asexual reproduction where a bacterial cell divides into two identical cells |
| strain | genetic variant within a species of microorganism. |
| dichotomous key | step-by-step tool used to identify organisms based on contrasting characteristics |
| biochemical tests | Laboratory tests that identify microbes based on their metabolic activities |
| serology | Identification of organisms based on antigen-antibody reactions (seriously, antibody proteins) |
| phage typing | Identifying bacteria based on which bacteriophages can infect them |
| electrophoresis | technique that separates DNA fragments by size using an electric field |
| rRNA sequencing | method of identifying organisms by analyzing ribosomal RNA gene sequences |
| hybridization | pairing of complementary DNA strands from different sources to determine genetic similarity |
| western blot | serum from patient, proteins run on gel, trnasferred to a membrane, antibodies that recognize Lyme disease washed over, if Lyme positive bands will light up |
| cladogram | diagram that shows evolutionary relationships based on shared characteristics |
| are fungi eukaryotes or prokaryotes? | fUngi, U - eukaryotes, nucleus |
| molds vs yeasts | molds are multicellular and aerobic, yeasts are unicellular facultative anaerobes |
| asexually or sexually? | both, sexually in times of stress |
| are fungi chemotrophs? | chemoHETEROtrophs, secrete enzymes to digest food |
| pH preference of fungi | 5, slightly acidic |
| what are molds made of? | chitin |
| anatomy of molds: | hyphae, mycelium, thallus (HI MOLD TEA!) hyphae (Hi I'm the inside roots) threads make a web of mycelium (all the roots together), which make the whole body, thallus (that's the inside and outside) |
| vegetative vs aerial hyphae | aerial hyphae mushroom heads, vegetative are buried. |
| fairy rings | single mushroom in middle, branched out underground like a wheel to make the circle shape |
| uneven budding vs evenly dividing fission yeast | uneven (agar.io cells, uneven in shape), evenly dividing (perfect cell shapes) |
| what are dimophic fungi? | can grow as molds or yeasts |
| how to identify a fungus vs bacteria? | biochemical tests |
| how are molds identified? | morphology: spores/none, mold shape) |
| are fungi haploid or diploid? | haploid, unless sexual reproduction, then two fuse to create genetic diversity |
| what makes a species? | interbreeding, fertile offspring |
| conidiospore vs sporangiospore | conidiospores have spores on outside (conidio-/konis- dust), sporangiospores have spores in a sac |
| four phyla of fungi: | zygospore (PIN), ascospore (CUP), basidiospore (CLUB), chytridiomycota (more ancient) |
| where do zygomycota grow? | dead |
| where do ascomycota grow? | produce sacs, includes baker's yeast and penicillin |
| what are cutaneous mycoses? | grow on skin |
| example of basidiomycota | mushrooms |
| what are microsporidia? | medically important, since they're obligate intracellular parasites like ricksettia, affect immunocompromised patients |
| how are microscporidia infected? | spores are ingested or inhaled, they inject tubes into host cell so their cytoplasm and nucleus takes over host cell where they break up into different spores, then the host cell lyses |
| systemic means | affects entire organism |
| subcutaneous means | under the surface (like in soil) |
| dermatophytes means | growing on skin, like cutaneous mycoses |
| superficial mycoses means | found in tropics, superficial - hair or skin |
| opportunistic mycosis means | harmless unless immunocompromised |
| what is the largest organism? | a fungus! humongous fungus, spans over 2,385 acres |
| fungi are used in: | bread, wine, amtibiotics, hep B vaccine |
| bad fungi: | pathogens (like ringworm), aflatoxins that cause cancer, plant fungi |
| what are lichens? | combo of a fungus and photosynthetic partner like cyanobacteria (prokaryote) or algae (eukaryote) |
| how do lichens work? | photosynthetic partner gives nutrients, fungus provides shelter or anchoring onto rocks |
| leafy vs encrusting lichen | leafy lichen look like leaves on bark, encrusting llichen are on rocks |
| protists | junk drawerer of eukaryores, can be animal-like, plant-like, fungus-like |
| algae are plant-like protists, includes: | unicellular plankton, multicellular seaweed |
| why are seaweed not plants? | not authentic roots or leaves |
| animal-like protist: | protozoa, paramecium (have oral food groove), zooflagellates (giardia) |
| fungus-like protists: | water mold (mildew that affects grapes and potatoes), slime mold (can be uni or multicellular) |
| 6 phyla of plant-like algae | green algae, brown algae, red algae, dinoflagellates, diatoms and euglenoids |
| which algae is in shallower water? | green algae, red is deepest |
| neat thing about dinoflagellate flagella | dino-dos flagella, one as a belt and one as a tail, enables swirling motion |
| why are dinoflagellates bioluminescent? | give off luciferin which combine with oxygen to produce light |
| what are apicoplasts? | organelle found in malaria paraistes |
| what are apicocomplexes? | parasitic protozoa that cause malaria |
| virions | A complete, fully assembled, infectious virus particle outside a host cell (virus ON) |
| capsid | The protein shell of a virion that protects the viral genetic material |
| envelope | A lipid outer layer with spikes that surrounds some virions and helps them infect host cells |
| spikes | Surface proteins on enveloped virions that attach to host cell receptors |
| helical virus | A virus with a rod or tube-shaped capsid where nucleic acid is coiled inside (spiral) |
| polyhedral virus | A virus with a many-sided (icosahedral) shape that looks like a geometric sphere (dice) |
| enveloped virus shape | A roughly spherical virus surrounded by a lipid envelope with spikes (corona virus) |
| complex virus | A virus with a complicated structure (like bacteriophages) that may include a head and tail (cookie robots in despicable me) |
| alphaproteobacteria | Bacteria that thrive in low-nutrient environments and often interact with plants or act as parasites (ricksettia intracellular) |
| betaproteobacteria | Bacteria that often live in nutrient-rich environments and include important pathogens (bordetella pertussis in lungs) |
| gammaproteobacteria | The largest and most diverse group, including many pathogens and environmentally versatile bacteria (enterobacteriaceae) |
| deltaproteobacteria | Bacteria that often prey on or consume other bacteria (bdellovibrio) |
| epsilonproteobacteria | Bacteria commonly found in animal digestive systems, some of which are pathogenic (H. pylori) |
Created by:
AKDakd