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Middle East
World Cultures
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Saudi Arabia government | monarchy/theocracy ruled by Al Saud family and has a de facto leader |
| de facto leader/current leader of Saudi Arabia | Mohammed bin Salman (MBS - crown prince), runs day to day leadership but is overseen by his father who is technically still king (has final say), MBS will become king when his father dies |
| Islam in Saudi Arabia | birthplace of Islam, contains Mecca, many Saudi Arabians follow their own version (wahhabism) |
| wahhabism | their form of "pure Islam", the Quran is followed very closely, religion and the government are not separated |
| Saudi Arabia & oil | has at least 15% of the world's oil supply but seeking other ways to make $ (renewable energy), founding member of OPEC |
| OPEC | organization of petroleum exporting countries, supposed to coordinate oil prices across the globe but many countries monopolize it and raise prices for their benefit, controls oil production, if war breaks out production decrease & prices increase |
| Vision 2030 | MBS's plan for social and economic transformation to diversify economy (drive away from oil), foster foreign investment, increase tourism, technology, entertainment, sports (build futuristic city of Neom), and increase women's participation in workforce |
| opinions of Vision 2030 | people think he is a hypocrite, says he wants expanded rights and infrastructure but never does anything about it |
| censorship in Saudi Arabia | an American journalist living in Saudi Arabia published an article talking bad about the government, received death threats, fled to Turkey where MBS ordered his murder while he signed marriage papers then claimed to have no involvement |
| Iran government | theocracy led by a Supreme Leader and president, president does diplomatic policies and daily events, but Supreme Leader has final say (dictator) since they believe he is the closest thing to God, conflict between completely religious/modern government |
| Supreme Leader of Iran | Ali Khamenei (serves for life) |
| president of Iran | Masoud Pezeshkian (elected) |
| conflict in Iran | economy is based on oil and natural gas, very valuable for other countries and causes them to get involved when resources are threatened, neighbors with Iraq & Turkey (long history of conflict) |
| the Iran-Iraq War | 1980-1988, ends in ceasefire, Saddam Hussein thought the country was weakened by instability, use of trench warfare, became a proxy war due to high amounts of oil (U.S. supported Iraq) |
| Iran Hostage Crisis | Iran took U.S. diplomats at the embassy hostage in exchange for the return of the Shah from the U.S. receiving treatment, U.S. pulled embassy out of Iran after, Carter was unable to successfully negotiate the release but after his election Reagan did |
| Iranian Revolution | people revolted due to corruption, inequality, oppressive secret police, thought Shah wasn't upholding Islam properly and was heavily influenced by the U.S., Ayatollah Khomeini becomes the new leader using sermons & cassette tapes to spread message |
| oil & sanctions | U.S. targets ships that are trying to evade sanctions, blocks access to U.S. financial system and Iran's ability to move $, also looks for use of nuclear power despite sanctions |
| the Axis of Evil | Iraq, Iran, North Korea, tied to Houthis and use nuclear power (target of U.S. sanctions, dislike them) |
| modern Iran | Qasem Soleimani was commander of the military force that oversaw operations outside Iran (considered terrorists), U.S. thought he directed attacks that killed U.S. soldiers so they killed him in a drone strike |
| Iran Contra Affair | the U.S. sold weapons to rebels in Nicaragua although Congress had previously banned it, the U.S. did this in hopes that Iran would release hostages, Reagan kept this secret from the public |
| Iran vs. Saudi Arabia government | Saudi Arabia - monarchy/theocracy (Al-Saud family & MBS - crown prince), Iran - theocracy (supreme leader with final say and president) |
| dominant branch of Islam in Iran vs. Saudi Arabia | Saudi Arabia - Wahhabism, Iran - Shia |
| relationship with the U.S. Iran vs. Saudi Arabia | Saudi Arabia - good, allies, supply with arms, Iran - bad, lots of tension |
| regional allies Iran vs. Saudi Arabia | Saudi Arabia - UAE, Bahrain (U.S.), Iran - Syria, Houthis of Yemen, Lebanon |
| regional enemies Iran vs. Saudi Arabia | Saudi Arabia - Iran; Iran - Saudi Arabia, Israel, Iraq |
| biggest criticism of the other Iran vs. Saudi Arabia | Saudi Arabia - Iran is trying to destabilize the region, Iran - Saudi Arabia is too bossy |
| Iran vs. Saudi Arabia conflict | fighting for influence/dominance in the Middle East, continue fighting proxy wars-->both very rich in oil -->international interest, Iraq served as a buffer until its fall in 2003, different views on religion, oil, and infrastructure |
| Iraq ethnicity/religion | 80% Arab, 20% Kurd with Shia and Sunni Muslims (Shia majority) |
| origin of Iraq | created by the British in 1921 from 3 Ottoman provinces, British had influence and control after WWI, gained independence in 1932 and became a weak, unstable Sunni monarchy (most people disliked government because they were Shia) |
| rise of Saddam Hussein | after military coups, a revolution, and extreme instability the Baath party rises from the turmoil as the strongest with their leader as Saddam Hussein who performed all unethical duties for the group |
| how did Hussein keep power and establish dominance? | he made sure anyone who vaguely seemed to be an opponent was killed/tortured, had no empathy and only wanted to instill fear, people were so afraid of him that he was untouchable |
| who did Hussein use to crush his rivals? | Mashhadi was his secretary whom he suspected was conspiring against him and killed him, instilling fear into citizens that he could kill them if they speak up |
| kleptocracy | stealing resources from the nation to keep for oneself, Hussein controlled all trade, made sure all officials were on his side, made all resources government controlled (ex. oil) |
| what happened to Hussein's son-in-laws? | they fled to Jordan after being suspected of conspiring against Hussein and threatened by his son, were eventually killed after being forced to divorce Hussein's daughters, Hussein dragged their bodies around villages to instill fear |
| Saddam Husein background | was vice president for 10 years then threatened and kicked out current president so that he could be the leader (ruled for 24 years) |
| cult of personality | Hussein wanted his photos and statues everywhere, suggesting that people should worship him like a god, made him look important and let citizens know that he was always watching |
| Republican Guard | the elite presidential security force (secret service) |
| Hussein's role in Iran-Iraq War | aggressor in the war, attacked Iran first, was losing the war and wanted to assert power so he continued fighting and killed more innocent people |
| Hussein's role in the Persian Gulf War | invaded Kuwait to get more oil although he was never involved to begin with |
| gassing of the Kurds | Kurds are Shia, Hussein is Sunni so he didn't like them, the Kurds wanted independence from Hussein & Iraq and sided with Iran during the Iran-Iraq War, Hussein dropped gas from planes over their villages |
| Marsh Arabs | they spoke out against Hussein and tried to spark a rebellion, but it didn't work; Hussein found out about it and burned villages and drained marshes (caused people to have no access to water to grow food/eat), told public it was to build canals |
| U.S. involvement in Iraq | after the Persian War, the U.S. ordered Hussein not to build nuclear weapons, he didn't listen and when they found out about it the U.S. bombed Baghdad in "Shock and Awe" |
| the fall of Hussein | after the bombing, Hussein went on the run and the secret service protected him at a shack in the woods, hid in a hole for extra protection, he was found/captured by the U.S. in 2003 in the hole and he was executed in 2006 through Iraq trial |
| government in Iraq today | removal of dictatorship/Hussein led to a power vacuum, lots of groups are fighting for power, increased tensions between Sunni and Shia |
| Isis in Iraq | rose to power shortly after the fall of Hussein but were quickly removed by the U.S., citizens are constantly caught between U.S. and Iranian influence (Iran trying to take over, U.S. trying to fix problems) |
| Kurdistan | Iraq gives Kurds their own piece of uninterrupted land but it is not independent from the country |
| 2019-2020 protests in Iraq | students protest for political reform, an end to corruption, unemployment, and an end to foreign influence from Iran |
| 2026 protests in Iraq | small business owners protest against new tariff on imports, everyday people want change and government attention |
| 2 things that women's rights depend on in the Middle East | legal rights in their home country, domestic situation/cultural norms |
| gender apartheid | separation of genders in Afghanistan (segregation) |
| Honor killings | when a woman gets killed because she Dishonored the family through marriage (ex. losing virginity before marriage, marrying for love & not an arranged marriage) |
| arranged/child marriages | husbands often use wives as slaves and abuse them, no minimum marriage age in most countries |
| acid attacks | husbands throw acid on wives for doing something wrong, no legal rules/procedure to punish people for this |
| Bibi Aisha | girl who was married at 12 and served her husband as a slave (slept in barn, etc.); when she finally escaped she went to a neighbor's house who then returned her to her husband and he cut her nose and ears off |
| improvements for women in some Middle Eastern countries | expansion of voting rights, issued their own ID cards/licences with unveiled pictured, loosening guardianship laws (no need to go out in public with a man), social media brings attention to international leaders |
| roots of Arab-Israeli conflict | 1890-1948 (creation of Israel) |
| current conflict | 1948-present, mostly fighting over religion and land |
| zionism | European Jews who were prosecuted in Europe are seeking for a homeland, they picked Palestine as their refuge |
| Theodor Herzl | founder of the Zionist movement, wrote "The Jewish State" which spread Zionist ideas |
| why do Israelis feel they deserve the land? | promised by religion/already there first, protection, want to improve the land, there are other Arab lands but no other Jewish lands |
| why do the Arabs feel the land belongs to them? | promised by religion, current owners of the land and have occupied it for centuries |
| Peel Commission Partition Plan (1937) | made Jerusalem a neutral zone that operated under British authority, created 2 states: Palestine which was 20% given to the Jews, and an Arab state which was 75% of the land |
| how did the UN divide the land in 1947? | gave both the Jews and Arabs about 50% each, Jerusalem remains neutral in an attempt to create a 2 state solution |
| the Balfour Declaration (1917) | promises to give the land to the Jews as a homeland, but previously promised the Arabs this land if they helped fight alongside the British in WWI ("Twice Promised Land") |
| mandate | receiving a territory after war, France received a mandate for Syria and the British received Palestine |
| how did the British divide up Palestine? | made East of the Jordan river TransJordan (Jordan) and the West of the river Palestine |
| how did Arabs (Palestinians) react to influx of Jewish immigrants? | Jews were immigrating due to anti semitism, local Arabs increased tensions between the two groups and wanted to limit their presence |
| what happened after British mandate ended in 1947? | UN proposed to split the land into 2 , one side for each group with Jerusalem remaining neutral; war started in 1948 after Israel became a country |
| current Israeli leader | Benjamin Netanyahu (prime minister) |
| current Palestinian leader | Mahmoud Abbas |
| pieces of land most fought over | Sinai peninsula, suez canal, Gaza (most fought over piece of land), Golan Heights, Jerusalem |
| Camp David Accords | organized by U.S., Egypt recognized Israel as a nation and Israel gave them back the Sinai Peninsula that was captured during 6-Day War, first time Israel is acknowledged by Arabs |
| Arab Peace Initiative | Saudi Arabia gets involved and tries to make a deal with Israel to give back the Arab land they captured |
| Roadmap for Peace Plan | the U.S., Russia, EU, and UN meet and try to come up with a solution to separate Israel into 2 states |
| Trump Peace Plan | separated the land into 2 states, but gave Palestinians less land so they didn't agree |
| issues that foster conflict (Arabs & Iraelis) | recognition of each state as separate entities, borders of an eventual Palestinian state, security for Israel, status of Jerusalem |
| recent developments in Arab Israeli conflict | Palestine is recognized by 70% of UN countries as of 2012 (U.S. is allied with Israel, doesn't recognize them) |
| Hamas | militant group who controls Gaza as of 2007, wants the destruction of Israel (they are Arab), has started wars |
| Hezbollah | terrorist group Lebanon that wants Israel destroyed and attacks the country from Lebanon, has started wars that Israel fights back in |
| when can an honor killer ba acquitted? | if the family of the murderer or the victim forgives them of their actions |
| male perspective of women in the Middle East | they are "just wives" and less superior than men, should be treated like objects that can be absued |
| criminal law act of 2016 | mandatory punishment for honor killings (life sentence or death penalty), even if the victim's family forgives the killer, the killer can still be sent to prison |
| why would an honor killing occur? | the family disapproves of the marriage, a woman has married for love out of an arranged marriage, the family she is marrying into is too poor, uphold family reputation |
| Neighborhood Elders | council of town elders who are respected and wise, help make decisions within communities and get involved during honor killing cases |
| Six-Day War | Egypt, Syria, & Jordan attack Israel but Israel fights back, capturing Arab land that was not originally theirs (Sinai Peninsula, Gaza strip, West Bank, Golan Heights, East Jerusalem), uses this land as leverage for peace negotiations and recognition |
Created by:
ts2819