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AP WORLD VOCAB 6
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| scientific racism | kind of racism that emerged in the nineteenth century that increasingly used the prestige and apparatus of science to support European racial prejudices and preferences. |
| civilizing mission | by bringing Christianity, good government, education, work discipline, and production for the market to colonized peoples, while suppressing “native customs,” such as polygamy, that ran counter to Western ways of living |
| social Darwinism | An outlook that suggested that European dominance inevitably led to the displacement or destruction of backward peoples or “unfit” races; this view made imperialism, war, and aggression seem both natural and progressive. |
| scramble for Africa | The process by which European countries partitioned the continent of Africa among themselves in the period 1875–1900. |
| Indian Rebellion of 1857 - 1858 | Massive uprising of much of India against British rule caused by the introduction to the colony’s military forces of a new cartridge smeared with animal fat from pigs and cows, which caused strife among Muslims, who regarded pigs as unclean, |
| Congo Free State | A private colony ruled personally by Leopold II, king of Belgium; it was the site of widespread forced labor and killing to ensure the collection of wild rubber; by 1908 these abuses led to reforms that transferred control to the Belgian government. |
| cultivation system | A 19th-century forced labor system in the Netherlands East Indies where peasants had to use 20% of their land to grow cash crops (like sugar or coffee) and sell them at low fixed prices to government contractors, who made huge profits reselling them. |
| cash-crop production | Agricultural production of crops for sale in the market rather than for consumption by the farmers themselves; operated at the level of both individual farmers and large-scale plantations. |
| female circumcision | The excision of a pubescent girl’s clitoris and adjacent genital tissue as part of initiation rites marking her coming-of-age; missionary efforts to end the practice sparked a widespread exodus from mission churches in colonial Kenya. |
| Africanization of Christianity | In non-Muslim Africa, many converts to Christianity blended traditional beliefs with Christian ideas, often creating independent churches and schools separate from missionary and colonial control. |
| Hinduism | A religion based on the many beliefs, practices, sects, rituals, and philosophies in India; in the thinking of nineteenth-century Indian reformers, it was expressed as a distinctive tradition, an Indian religion wholly equivalent to Christianity. |
| Swami Vivekananda | Leading religious figure of nineteenth-century India; advocate of a revived Hinduism and its mission to reach out to the spiritually impoverished West |
| African identity | A new way of thinking about belonging that emerged by the end of the nineteenth century among well-educated Africans; it was influenced by the common experience of colonial oppression and European racism and was an effort to revive the cultural self-confi |
| Edward Blyden | Prominent West African scholar and political leader who argued that each civilization, including that of Africa, has its own unique contribution to make to the world. |
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