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Infection Control
Infection Control &PPE
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Purpose of Infection Control | To minimize and remove a variety of disease- causing -micro-organisms from the health care environment |
| Infection Control Performance Objectives | 1.)Perform aseptic hand wash.2.) Apply PPE , 3.) Demonstrates instrument sanitization , 4.) Demonstrates instrument sterilization |
| Key Points for Background and Importance | Infection control protects patients, providers, staff. Proper medical asepsis, PPE use, respirator fit testing, medical exams, eye protection, hand hygiene, and correct sanitization, disinfection, and sterilization of equipment prevent pathogen spread. |
| Personal protective equipment (PPE) should be use | when contact with blood or other potentially infection material (OPIM) is expected |
| Types of PPE include | gloves, gowns/aprons, shoe covers, lab coats, masks, and respirator, protective eyewear or face shields |
| Not every type of PPE is used for every procedure, however _______ are the most used PPE in health care | gloves |
| Apply PPE - Determine appropriate PPE 1 | Based on the situation determine the appropriate PPE. The proper donning order for PPE is gown, mask, goggles/face shield, gloves (OSHA) standard precautions are used to protect staff PT from exposure to blood and other potentially infectious material. |
| Apply PPE - Perform hand hygiene | Hand hygiene reduces the number of micro-organisms from hands and protects the MA and patient from pathogens. |
| Apply PPE - | Don gown , mask , goggles , gloves , |
| Don gown | Put the gown on with opening in the back. Secure ties at the neck and/or waist |
| Don Mask | Put on mask, ensuring that it covers the nose, mouth, and chin. Secure with ties or elastic bands at middle of head and neck or behind ears. Masks should be worn with eye protection if exposure to mouth, nose or eyes is possible. |
| Don goggles | Place goggles over eyes, if prescription glasses are worn, a face shield can be used.Eyeglasses are not considered adequate eye protection |
| Don gloves | Put on clean, disposable gloves, extending the gloves to cover the cuffs of the gown.Selecting the correct size of glove is important; if gloves are too small they may break, and gloves that are too big may impede tasks that require precision |
| Remove gloves. | Grasp outside of one gloved hand near palm.›Peel off, turning the glove inside out.›Grasp the removed glove in the remaining gloved hand.›Slide fingers of ungloved hand under remaining glove.›Discard in receptacle |
| Remove goggles | Remove goggles by only handling the earpieces. This decreases any exposure that may have occurred during procedure.Dispose in receptacle |
| Unfasten gown ties | Remove gown by unfastening ties at neck, back or side. This will reduce the risks of contamination |
| Remove gown | Pull gown away from body by touching inside of the gown. As the gown is pulled away, roll inside out and roll into a ball. Dispose in appropriate receptacle |
| Remove mask | Remove mask or respirator by grasping ties or elastic band and pulling away from face.Avoid touching the front of mask or respirator. Dispose in appropriate receptacle |
| Sanitization is the | cleaning process that reduces the number of micro-organisms to a safe level. |
| The purpose of sanitizing instruments is to | remove debris in preparation for disinfection and sterilization. |
| Instruments need to be | rinsed, scrubbed, soaked, and dried in the appropriate order with the correct solutions |
| SDS, previously known as material safety data sheets (MSDs) | provide information on the hazards and actions necessary when working with specific chemicals. |
| Steps for Instrument Sanitization : Review safety data sheets (SDS) | Review SDS for chemicals that will be used during sanitization process. |
| Steps for Instrument Sanitization :Don gloves. | Disposable gloves must be worn to avoid exposure to blood and OPIM. |
| Steps for Instrument Sanitization : Remove contaminated items | Remove and transport contaminated articles from surgical or exam room to cleaning area.Designated cleaning areas ensure that there is no cross-contamination.Transport instruments in a basin or tray that is covered |
| Steps for Instrument Sanitization : Dispose of trash | Dispose of sharps in sharps container and throw away waste in proper receptacles |
| Steps for Instrument Sanitization : Prepare a container | label , wash hands and apply PPE |
| Steps for Instrument Sanitization : Separate Instruments | Separate sharp equipment from other instruments to prevent injury and keep instruments from dulling |
| Steps for Instrument Sanitization : Rinse instrument and wash and pat dry | Immediately rinse instruments in warm water to remove organic debris.Warm water is best as hot water can cause coagulation, which makes removal difficult.With utility gloves on, wash and pat dry |
| Steps for Instrument Sanitization : Place instrument in disinfectant and prepare sanitizing solution | Each solution will have its own preparation directions. |
| Steps for Instrument Sanitization : Remove from disinfectant and scrub instruments | Follow manufacture instruction . Open all hinged instruments and thoroughly scrub each part using disposable scrub brush. Pay close attention to parts of instruments that contain crevices, teeth, or serrations as micro-organisms can become trapped |
| Steps for Instrument Sanitization : Rinse w/ water and set aside instruments then dry instruments | Place each instrument on a waterproof drape until all have been washed and rinsed.Use an approved drying cloth or paper towel. If instruments are left wet, they may rust or dull |
| Aseptic Hand wash | Inspect Hands, Push up sleeves , turn on water until warm, wet hands and wrists/forearms , soap rub hands for 20 sec , wash above wrist, clean under fingernails and rinse ,dry ,turn off water w/ towel |
| Infection control | is a fundamental aspect of healthcare aimed at preventing the transmission of pathogens—such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites—within healthcare facilities. |
| Chain of Infection : Infectious Agent M. Tuberculosis | The microorganism (e.g., bacteria, virus, fungus, parasite) that causes the infection. BREAK: Rapid ID & Sanitization |
| Chain of Infection : Reservoir: Infected pt | The natural habitat where the pathogen lives and multiplies, such as a human, animal, or environment. BREAK: Disinfection & Hygiene |
| Chain of Infection : Portal of Exit: Resp. Droplets | The pathway through which the pathogen leaves the reservoir (e.g., respiratory secretions, blood). BREAK: Mask and hygiene |
| Chain of Infection : Mode of Transmission: Airborne | The method by which the pathogen is spread, such as contact, droplet, or airborne transmission BREAK: Isolation and airflow control |
| Chain of Infection : Portal of Entry: Resp . Tract | The route through which the pathogen enters a new host (e.g., broken skin, mucous membranes) BEAK;PPE AND WOUND CARE |
| Chain of Infection : Susceptible Host: HCW/ Other | An individual vulnerable to infection due to factors like a compromised immune system. BREAK: Vaccines and health |
| Patient Safety | Infection control measures are primarily implemented to protect patients. In healthcare settings, patients are often vulnerable due to underlying conditions or invasive procedures. |
| Prevent Healthcare-Associated Infections (HAIs): | By minimizing pathogen transmission, patients are less likely to acquire additional infections that could complicate their recovery. |
| Reduce Morbidity and Mortality: | Effective infection control reduces the risk of severe complications, which can lead to prolonged hospital stays or even death. |
| Lower Healthcare Costs: | Preventing infections decreases the need for additional treatments and extended hospitalizations, thereby reducing overall healthcare expenses |
| Healthcare Provider Safety | Healthcare workers are constantly exposed to potential infectious agents. Robust infection control protocols ensure that: Protection Through Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) and Reduction of Occupational Exposure |
| Protection Through Personal Protective Equipment (PPE): | The correct use of PPE, such as gloves, masks, gowns, and eye protection, minimizes the risk of transmission. |
| Reduction of Occupational Exposure | Standard precautions, including hand hygiene and safe injection practices, protect healthcare providers from becoming infected or inadvertently transmitting pathogens to others. |
| Reduces Absenteeism | By lowering the risk of infections among staff, there are fewer sick days and less staff turnover. |
| Enhances Work Environment: | A safe environment boosts staff morale and contributes to higher levels of patient care continuity. |
| Containment of Outbreaks: | Robust infection control measures can help prevent localized infections from escalating into epidemics or pandemics. |
| Community Protection: | By curbing the spread of infections within healthcare settings, the risk of community-wide transmission is also minimized. |
| Legal Compliance: | Failure to implement adequate infection control measures can lead to legal consequences, including lawsuits and regulatory sanctions. |
| Ethical Duty: | There is a moral imperative to protect patients, staff, and the community, ensuring that healthcare practices meet the highest standards of safety and quality. |
| Core Infection Control Practices - Standard Precautions | Hand Hygiene , PPE Usage , Safe Injection Practices |
| Core Infection Control Practices - Transmission -Based Precaution | These precautions are additional measures implemented based on the mode of transmission of specific pathogens: Contact precautions, Droplet Precautions, Airborne precaution |
| Core Infection Control Practices : Environmental Controls | Maintaining a clean and safe environment is critical for infection control: Cleaning and Disinfection, sterilization technique , and waste management |
| Core Infection Control Practices : Surveillance Monitoring | Ongoing monitoring is essential to assess the effectiveness of infection control measures: Data collections, Audits and feedback and quality improvement initiative |
| Hand Hygiene: | Regular and proper handwashing or use of alcohol-based hand rubs is the most critical step in preventing pathogen transmission. |
| PPE Usage: | The appropriate use of gloves, masks, gowns, and eye protection according to the level of risk. |
| Safe Injection Practices: | Ensuring that needles and other sharp instruments are handled and disposed of safely to prevent cross-contamination. |
| Contact Precautions: | Used for infections spread by direct or indirect contact. |
| Droplet Precautions: | Implemented for infections transmitted via large respiratory droplets. |
| Airborne Precautions: | Necessary for pathogens that can remain suspended in the air over long distances |
| Cleaning and Disinfection: | Regular cleaning of surfaces and equipment using appropriate disinfectants |
| Sterilization Techniques: | Proper sterilization of instruments to eliminate all microbial life. |
| Waste Management: | Safe disposal of medical waste to prevent environmental contamination. |
| Data Collection | Tracking rates of HAIs and compliance with infection control protocols. |
| Audits and Feedback: | Regular reviews and feedback sessions to identify areas for improvement. |
| Quality Improvement Initiatives: | Continuous efforts to refine protocols based on surveillance data and emerging evidence. |
| Nonpathogenic (Normal Flora -Microbiota ) | These organisms do not cause disease and support physiological health . I.e Gut bacteria assist digestion ,skin flora protects against harmful microbes , maintains vital ph balances |
| Pathogenic | Microorganism capable of causing infection and disease by invading tissues and disrupting . I.E invade and multiply in body tissues , disrupts normal cellular processes and require strict clinical prevention |
| Common clinical entry point | Broken skin, respiratory tract , digestive tract and mucous membrane |
| Bacteria ; Single - celled ; Prokaryotes | Reproduce rapidly through binary fission . Some species produce spores - highly resistant survival forms against heat and disinfectant |
| Viruses ; Intracellular ; Parasites | Smallest infectious agents. Consist of genetic material (DNA/RNA) in protein coat ;Cannot reproduce independently |
| Bacteria Morphological Classification : Cocci | Spherical |
| Bacteria Morphological Classification : Bacilli | Rod- Shaped |
| Bacteria Morphological Classification : Spirilla | Spiral |
| Viruses Replication cycle | Inject genetic material, Hijack host machinery , Produce viral Particles, Host cell rupture/ release |
| Bacteria Clinical example | strep throat, tetanus , C.difficile, food poisoning |
| Viruses Examples | Influenza, HIV/AIDS, COVID -19 , Hepatitis |
| Fungi ( Mycological Agents ) | Plant-like organisms that thrive in warm, moist environments. They exist as yeasts, mold or mushrooms |
| Fungi types and clinical examples | Superficial ; Athlete's foots Cutaneous ; Ringworm Mucosal ; Oral Thrush (Candida ) Systemic ; Histoplasmosis |
| Clinical Insight : Opportunistic Infection | Pt on long term steroids or with suppressed immune systems are at high risk for oral Candidiasis . TX requires antifungal therapy and improved hygiene |
| Human Parasites | Protozoa ; Single celled (Malaria) Helminths ; Parasitic worm (Tapeworm) Ectoparasites ; Surfaces dweller (lice, ticks) |
| Diagnostic Consideration | A pt retuning from international travel with fever and chills should be screened for Plasmodium parasites via blood testing |
| Classifying Clinical Infections : Endogenous Infection | Originates from Microorganisms already present within the body, These are typically part of the normal flora that move to a site where they cause diseases |
| Classifying Clinical Infections :Nosocomial (HAI) | Healthcare-Associated Infection acquired during medical care. A major focus of clinical quality and safety protocols |
| Classifying Clinical Infections : Exogenous Infection | Occurs when pathogen enter from an external source. These organisms are not part of the patient's normal microbiota |
| Classifying Clinical Infections : Opportunistic Infection | Occurs specifically when the immune system is weakened . These pathogens rarely causes diseases in healthy individuals |
| Endogenous Infection clinical example : | UTI causes by normal intestinal bacteria (E.coli) |
| :Nosocomial (HAI) Clinical example : | Catheter-associated UTIs, surgical site infections and ventilator- associated pneumonia |
| Exogenous Infection clinical example : | Infection from contaminated surgical equipment , airborne pathogens , or tainted food |
| Opportunistic Infection Risk Groups : | PT with HIV/AIDS, chemotherapy treatment , or organ transplant recipients |
| Direct Transmission : | Contact : Touching infected wounds or skin to skin contact Droplet: Spread from coughing or sneezing within close range |
| Indirect Transmission : | Airborne : Inhalation of pathogen Vehicleborne :Food/water. Equipment Vectorborne : Mosquitoes, ticks, etc |
| Respiratory Hygiene | Cover coughs & sneezes , wear masks , proper disposal ,hand hygiene |
| Medical Asepsis "Clean Technique" Pathogen Reduction | Procedures used to reduced the number and transfer of pathogen from one person or place to another. Hand hygiene , Environment (cleaning) , PPE |
| Surgical Asepsis " Sterile Technique " Total Elimination (Incl. Spores) | Practices that completely eliminates all microorganisms , including highly resistant bacterial spores . ORs, invasive procedures , sterilization |
| Hand Hygiene Protocol when to perform | Before / after pt contact , Before procedures , after specimen handling, removing gloves , and contaminated contact |
| Hand Hygiene Protocol Technique standards | Duration 20+ sec coverage -All surfaces Method - Soap and water pr sanitizer |
| Processing Hierarchy - 1 Cleaning lowest level - Removes debris | - Soap and water -Mechanical scrubbing -Ultrasonic cleaner |
| Processing Hierarchy - Disinfection Intermediate - kills most pathogens | High-level : destroys all microbes Low-level : Kills bacteria/viruses |
| Processing Hierarchy - Sterilization Highest level - eliminates all life | Steam autoclave Chemical Sterilization Destroy Bacterial spores |
| Critical Parameters | Steam temp 121 - 134 C Pressure: 15-30 psi Time: 15 -60 min |
| Infection control is a fundamental aspect of healthcare aimed at preventing | the transmission of pathogens—such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites—within healthcare facilities. |
| Standard Precautions | baseline infection control measures applied to every patient, regardless of their diagnosis. These practices include hand hygiene, use of PPE, respiratory hygiene, safe injection practices, and environmental cleaning. |
| Hand Hygiene: | Proper handwashing or use of alcohol-based hand rubs before and after patient contact, after contact with potentially infectious materials, and before aseptic tasks |
| PPE Usage: | Utilization of gloves, gowns, masks, and eye protection when there is a risk of exposure to infectious agents. |
| Respiratory Hygiene: | Practices such as covering coughs and sneezes and using masks to contain respiratory droplets. |
| Safe Injection Practices: | Use of aseptic techniques and disposal of sharps to prevent bloodborne pathogen transmission |
| Environmental Cleaning: | Regular disinfection of surfaces and proper sterilization of equipment. |
| Hand hygiene : Alcohol-Based Hand Rubs (ABHR): | Recommended when hands are not visibly soiled. Apply enough product to cover all surfaces and rub until dry. |
| Hand hygiene : Handwashing with Soap and Water: | Essential when hands are visibly dirty or after caring for patients with gastrointestinal infections. Wash for at least 20 seconds, ensuring all areas are thoroughly cleaned |
| Types of PPE : Glove and Gown | Gloves: Protects hands from exposure to blood, body fluids, and contaminated surfaces. Gowns: Prevents contamination of skin and clothing during procedures that may cause splashe |
| Types of PPE : Mask and Respirators and eye protection | Masks and Respirators: Masks are used for droplet precautions, whereas respirators (e.g., N95) provide protection against airborne pathogens. Eye Protection: Goggles or face shields protect the eyes from infectious splashes |
| Donning and Doffing of PPE | Proper techniques for putting on (donning) and removing (doffing) PPE are critical to avoid self-contamination |
| Donning of PPE Putting ON | Begin with hand hygiene, followed by donning a gown, then mask/respirator, followed by eye protection, and finally gloves. Ensure each item fits securely to maximize protection. |
| Doffing Of PPE Removing | Remove gloves first, then the gown, followed by eye protection, and lastly the mask or respirator. Hand hygiene must be performed immediately after removal to prevent the spread of contaminants. |
| Contact Precautions | For infections spread by direct or indirect contact. Gloves and gowns are used. |
| Droplet Precautions: | For infections spread via respiratory droplets. Use of a mask and spatial separation is necessary. |
| Airborne Precautions | For infections that remain airborne. Use a fit-tested N95 respirator or higher level of protection. |
| Bloodborne pathogens (BBPs) | are infectious microorganisms present in human blood and certain body fluids. They can cause chronic, acute, or fatal diseases in exposed individuals |
| Common Modes of Transmission Route and Examples | Percutaneous Injury - Needlesticks, scalpels, broken glass Mucous Membrane Exposure-Splashes to eyes, nose, mouth Non-intact Skin Contact-Cuts, abrasions, dermatitis Contaminated Surfaces-Dried blood, improperly disinfected equipment |
| Most Common Pathogens of Concern Pathogen ; Transmission ; Risk from Needlestick | Hepatitis B (HBV) ; Blood, semen, mucosal contact ; 6–30% Hepatitis C (HCV) ; Blood (especially via needles); ~1.8% HIV: Blood, semen, vaginal fluids ; ~0.3% |
| The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) issued the Bloodborne Pathogens Standard in ___ to protect workers from BBP exposure | 1991 |
| OSHA - Key Requirements of the Standard Develop and maintain an Exposure Control Plan, updated annually | Offer Hep B vaccine to exposed within 10 days of assignment. Provide initial/annual training at no cost. Enforce Universal Precautions. Use engineering/work practice controls to reduce exposure. Supply PPE. Maintain sharps logs. Post eval/f up |
| All healthcare employers must maintain a written Exposure Control Plan (ECP) that includes: | list of job roles w/ potential expo Use of engineering controls (e.g., sharps containers) practice controls (e.g., no recapping of needles) schedule for implementing safety measures Doc of emp training/ participation Emp must access/ understand ECP |
| The HBV vaccine is a __________ ______ _____ and is highly effective in reducing the risk of hepatitis B infection. | critical prevention tool |
| Employers are required to: Exposure Control Plan & Hepatitis B Vaccination | Provide the HBV vaccine series at no cost Offer it within 10 days of the employee’s assignment Ensure it is administered at a reasonable time and location Respect the employee's decision to decline, using a signed declination form |
| Universal Precautions and Work Practice Controls | Universal Precautions assume that all blood and certain body fluids are infectious, regardless of visible contamination |
| Universal Precautions and Work Practice Controls Examples of Safe Work Practices: | Treat all pt fluids as potentially infectious. Wear PPE per risk. Perform hand hygiene before/after contact and after glove removal. Do not recap needles; discard sharps in puncture-resistant containers. Clean spills with approved disinfectants |
| Engineering Controls and PPE | Engineering controls include sharps containers and needleless systems. PPE includes gloves, gowns, masks, and goggles. |
| Hand Hygiene Protocols | Wash hands before/after patient contact, before aseptic tasks, and after removing gloves. Use soap/water for 20+ seconds or sanitizer with ≥60% ethanol or ≥70% isopropyl alcohol. |
| Post-Exposure Evaluation and Follow-Up | Immediately clean exposure site. Report, document, and access evaluation within 2 hours. Follow protocols for HIV PEP, testing, and counseling. |
| Needlestick Safety and Prevention Act | This law drove adoption of needleless systems and retractable syringes, reducing injuries. It requires safer devices, employee input on selection, a sharps injury log, and stronger training and accountability measures across healthcare settings. |
| Universal Precautions | Treat all body fluids as potentially infectious |
| Exposure control plan | Written plan to reduce occupational exposure to BBPs |
| Engineering Control | Deceives like sharps containers ands safety needles |
| Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) | was created in 1971 by the federal government to establish standards and regulations for all employers to ensure employees work in a safe and healthy work environment |
| The Hazardous Communications Standard | which includes standards that protect against exposure to hazardous chemicals in the laboratory |
| CDC guidelines for gloving: | Blood its components; body fluids like cerebrospinal, synovial, pleural, peritoneal, and pericardial; fluids visibly mixed with blood; saliva in dental work; semen/vag secretions; unfixed tiss; unknown specimens; HIV, HBV, or HCV contaminated samples. |
| Exposure determination requires that employers maintain a list of job classifications in which: 1 | All employees in that job are likely to be exposed to blood and OPIM. Examples of these classifications are medical assistants, nurses, physicians, and lab technicians. (It is not necessary to list hazardous duties for this classification.) |
| Exposure determination requires that employers maintain a list of job classifications in which: 2 | Some employees may be exposed to blood and OPIM, along with a list of the hazardous duties for the classification. Examples of personnel in this classification include housekeeping and laundry staff. |
| Exposure Control Plan | OSHA requires all employers with employees who have occupational exposure to blood and OPIM to set up a written exposure control plan. This plan should be designed to reduce or eliminate employee exposure. |
| Exposure Control Plan should Include | Establish compliance rules to prevent exposure. Provide HepB vaccination, post-exposure evaluation, and follow-up procedures. Maintain and update a written hazard list accessible to employees, include reporting steps, and ensure accurate record-keeping. |
| OSHA has established compliance methods to prevent exposure to blood and OPIM, including practicing standard | Precautions, wearing appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE), implementing engineering controls and work practice controls, properly disposing of regulated waste, and maintaining a clean workspace. |
| An emergency eyewash station | provides a continuous flow of water to flush the eyes of toxic or hazardous chemicals or materials. |
| Chemical Hygiene Plan - Medical assistants face | he possibility of exposure to biological hazards but may be exposed to hazardous chemicals. Many chemicals are used in the laboratory. Exposure can occur through inhalation, injection, or direct contact with the skin. |
| A written chemical hygiene plan is required by OSHA | and must be in place to provide information and training in facilities where chemicals are stored and handled by employees. Compliance is not optional—it is the law |
| Standards for a chemical exposure plan include: Inventory of all hazardous chemicals | that lists chemical name, quantity, physical state, hazard class, and manufacturer |
| Standards for a chemical exposure plan include: A material safety data sheet (MSDS) | manual should be available to all employees. Information can be obtained from the manufacturer. |
| Standards for a chemical exposure plan include: All employees must participate in a training program | within 30 days of employment or before handling hazardous chemicals. |
| T/ F Alcohol-based hand sanitizer is more effective and less drying than using soap and water | T-Compared to soap and water, alcohol based hand sanitizers are better at reducing bacterial counts on hands and are effective against multidrug-resistant organisms (e.g., MRSA). Additionally, alcohol-based hand sanitizers cause less skin irritation |
| T/F Alcohol-based hand sanitizer does not kill C. difficile, but it is still the overall recommended method for hand hygiene practice | T-Always use gloves when caring for patients with C. difficile. In addition, when there is an outbreak of C. difficile in your facility, wash your hands with soap and water after removing your glove |
| Why Hand Hygiene Matters | In clinical environments, hands commonly contact patients, equipment, charts, keyboards, phones, and high-touch surfaces—creating repeated opportunities for microorganism transmission. Hand hygiene breaks that chain. |
| Infection Prevention (HAIs) | Proper hand hygiene is the most effective routine to reduce the spread of healthcare-associated infections, which can increase length of stay, cost, and patient harm. |
| Patient Safety | Healthcare workers’ hands can transmit organisms from one patient to another or from one body site to another. Hand hygiene reduces cross-contamination risk. |
| Compliance Expectations | Hand hygiene is a core safety expectation across healthcare organizations and is reinforced through standards, training, audits, and facility policy. |
| Professional Responsibility | Consistent hand hygiene demonstrates clinical professionalism—protecting patients, coworkers, and yourself. |
| When to Perform Hand Hygiene | B4 pt contact (touching the pt or their immediate environment). B4 aseptic tasks (sterile/clean procedures, med prep, wound care). After body fluid exposure risk A-pt contact (even if gloves were worn). After touching pt surroundings |
| Use Soap & Water When | Hands are visibly soiled (dirt, blood, body fluids), after restroom use, and whenever visible contamination is present. |
| Soap & Water Why It Works | Soap lifts dirt and microorganisms from the skin so they can be rinsed away. Scrubbing technique and full surface coverage are essential. |
| Soap & Water Technique | Wet hands → apply soap → scrub palms, backs, between fingers, thumbs, fingertips/under nails, wrists → rinse thoroughly → dry → use towel to turn off faucet/open door if needed. |
| ABHR Technique | Apply enough product to fully cover hands → rub palms, backs, between fingers, thumbs, fingertips, wrists → continue until completely dry (do not wipe off). |
| Gloves, PPE, and Hand Hygiene | Clean hands before donning gloves for clean tasks. Clean hands immediately after removing gloves. Change gloves if torn/dirty, when moving from contaminated → clean body site, or between tasks as needed. |
| Nails | Avoid artificial nails in patient care settings. Keep nails short per facility policy. Clean under nails if visibly soiled. |
| Jewelry + Skin Check | Avoid rings when possible. At start of shift, inspect hands for cuts/lesions and cover with an appropriate dressing before patient care. |
| Common Mistakes (and How to Fix Them) Only sanitizing palms | Fix: Rub thumbs, fingertips, between fingers, and wrists—these are common missed zones. |
| Common Mistakes (and How to Fix Them) ABHR dries too quickly | Fix: Use more product and ensure full coverage until hands are completely dry. |
| Common Mistakes (and How to Fix Them) Using gloves as a replacement for hand hygiene | Fix: Clean hands before gloves (as indicated) and always immediately after removing gloves. |
| Common Mistakes (and How to Fix Them) Skipping hygiene after touching room surfaces | Fix: Patient surroundings are part of the contamination zone—clean hands after contact with bedside items and equipment. |
| Use ABHR when | rapid decontamination when hands are not visibly contaminated. |
| Protection Against Infectious Agents: | PPE forms a protective barrier that shields healthcare workers from exposure to infectious agents such as bacteria, viruses, and fungi. It is especially crucial in healthcare settings where patients with contagious diseases are treated. |
| Preventing Cross-Contamination: | PPE not only safeguards healthcare professionals but also prevents the inadvertent transmission of infectious agents from one patient to another. |
| Chemical Hazard Mitigation: | PPE is essential when handling hazardous chemicals or drugs. For example, gloves and eye protection shield against chemical splashes and spills, while respiratory protection devices like masks or respirators prevent the inhalation of toxic fumes |
| Radiation Protection: | In radiology and certain medical procedures, PPE like lead aprons and thyroid shields are used to shield healthcare workers from ionizing radiation, reducing the long-term risks associated with radiation exposure. |
| Occupational Safety: | PPE extends beyond clinical settings to ensure the safety of healthcare workers in various roles. This includes construction helmets and steel-toed boots for maintenance staff and security personnel, providing protection against physical hazards. |
| Compliance with Regulations: | Regulatory bodies, such as the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) in the United States, mandate the use of specific PPE in healthcare settings to ensure the safety and well-being of workers |
| Training and Education: | Proper use of PPE is contingent on thorough training and education. Healthcare professionals are taught how to don (put on), doff (take off), and dispose of PPE to minimize the risk of contamination during these processes. |
| Resource Management: | PPE is critical, especially during pandemics or outbreaks when there may be shortages. Healthcare organizations must manage their PPE supplies efficiently to ensure that they remain adequately equipped to protect their staff. |
| Gloves | Choose the right glove size and material (latex, nitrile, vinyl) considering allergies. Wash and dry hands. Pull on one glove by the cuff, then the other using the first glove’s interior. Adjust for full, comfortable coverage of hands and wrists. |
| Mask | Choose a mask (surgical, N95, or higher) per task. Perform hand hygiene, secure it over nose, mouth, and chin, adjust the nosepiece for a snug fit, and avoid touching the front; if touched, clean hands afterward. |
| Gowns | Select a gown based on expected fluid exposure. Slide arms into sleeves of the inside-out gown, cover torso, front, back, knees, and wrists. Fasten neck and back, tie waist if present, and check that no skin or clothing is exposed. |
| Eye Protection (Goggles/Face Shields) | After hand hygiene and mask use, put on goggles or a face shield. Fit goggles over eyes or shield over face, below chin and around sides. Adjust straps for a snug, comfortable fit. Avoid touching; if needed, perform hand hygiene afterward. |
| Isolation Precautions | Assigning pt to designated isolation rooms based on their infectious status and mode of transmission |
| Room Assignment | Placing patients in rooms according to their clinical condition and risk of transmitting infection |
| Physical Distancing | Implementing measures to maintain distance between patients in shared areas |
| Hand hygiene Facilities | Ensuring hand and hygiene station are accessible to promote regular handwashing |
| Environmental Considerations | Considering factors like room ventilation and proximity to support services |
| Donning PPE | Gown,mask,goggle/face shield ,gloves |
| Doffing PPE | Gloves, googles / face shield , gown , mask |
| Reusables PPE | Face shields and N95 masks |
| What to do in a breach | Immediately removes yourself from the environment where the breach happened . Doff the PPE and report the incidents to your supervisor |
| Needle-Stick/ Sharps Injuries | Needle-stick and sharps injuries are significant occupational hazards, particularly in healthcare settings. These injuries involve accidental punctures or cuts caused by needles or other sharp medical instruments. |
| Exposure to Blood and Other Potentially (OPIM) | Needle-stick and sharps injuries pose a serious risk because they can result in exposure to blood and OPIM. This exposure can potentially transmit bloodborne pathogens such as HIV, hepatitis B, and hepatitis C. |
| 1. Unsafe Needle Devices | The use of outdated or unsafe needle devices that lack safety features increases the risk of accidental punctures. |
| Improper Handling and Disposal: | Inadequate training, negligence, or lapses in following proper protocols for handling and disposing of needles and sharps can also lead to injuries and exposure. |
| Possible Solutions Use Safer Needle Devices | Healthcare facilities should invest in and promote the use of safer needle devices and needle-less alternatives. These devices incorporate safety features such as retractable needles, shields, or caps that minimize the risk of needle-stick injuries. |
| Possible Solutions: Proper Handling and Disposal: | involve avoiding actions like bending, recapping, or removing contaminated needles unless it is necessary for a specific procedure and has no feasible alternative. Shearing or breaking contaminated sharps should also be avoided to prevent exposure. |
| Containerization: Availability of Needle Containers: | Needle disposal containers should be strategically placed in areas where needles are commonly used or found. Having these containers readily available encourages safe disposal practices. |
| Containerization: Immediate Discard: | Contaminated sharps should be discarded immediately after use to minimize the risk of accidental injury. This practice helps ensure that used needles and sharps are safely contained. |
| Potential Hazard: Exposure to blood and other potentially infectious materials (OPIM) because of: | Unsafe needle devices. Improper handling and disposal of needles and other sharps. |
| Possible Solutions: | Use safer needle devices and needle-less devices to decrease needle-stick or other sharps exposures. See Safer Needle Devices. According to the Bloodborne Pathogens Standard, properly handle and dispose of needles and other sharps. |
| Handling Needles/Sharps: | Dont bend, recap, or remove contaminated needles and other sharps unless such an act is required by a specific procedure or has no feasible alternative. Dont shear or break contaminated sharps. |
| Containerization: | Have needle containers available near areas where needles may be found. Discard contaminated sharps immediately |
| If an employee experienced a needle-stick or sharps injury or was exposed to the blood or other body fluid of a patient during the course of work, the employee must immediately follow these steps: | Wash needle-sticks and cuts with soap and water Flush splashes to the nose, mouth, or skin with water Irrigate eyes with clean water, saline, or sterile irritants Report the incident to your supervisor Immediately seek medical treatment |
| The ___________--____ ________and Prevention Act was signed into law on November 6, 2000. | Needle-stick Safety |
| Latex sensitivity, also known as latex allergy or hypersensitivity, refers | to an allergic reaction or sensitivity to latex products among healthcare providers. |
| Symptoms of latex sensitivity can include: Skin reactions: | Itchy or red skin, rash, hives, or swelling at the site of contact with latex. |
| Symptoms of latex sensitivity can include: Respiratory symptoms: | Sneezing, coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath, or chest tightness when exposed to latex particles in the air. |
| Symptoms of latex sensitivity can include: Systemic reactions: | More severe allergic reactions, such as anaphylaxis, can cause difficulty breathing, rapid heart rate, low blood pressure, dizziness, and potentially life-threatening symptoms |
| alternative non-latex materials such as nitrile or vinyl gloves, are commonly used as substitutes | It is essential for providers to be aware of their latex sensitivity status and take necessary precautions, |
| Irritants Contact Dermatitis characterized | by skin inflammation, redness, dryness, itching, and in some cases, the development of blisters or skin lesions. |
| Irritants Contact Dermatitis caused by | he direct irritation of the skin by components found in latex, such as chemicals, proteins, or additives used in the manufacturing process. |
| Chemical-sensitivity dermatitis, also known as allergic contact dermatitis, can be caused | by the chemicals used in the manufacturing process of latex products. Although latex itself is not the allergen in this case, the chemicals added to latex products can trigger an allergic reaction in certain individuals. |
| Chemical-sensitivity dermatitis, also known as allergic contact dermatitis, occurs when the immune system reacts to | specific chemicals present in latex products. When an allergic individual comes into contact with latex-containing these chemicals, it can lead to skin inflammation, redness, itching, swelling, and the development of a rash. |
| Latex allergy is an | immune-mediated reaction to proteins found in natural rubber latex. When individuals with latex allergy come into contact with latex products, it triggers an allergic response, ranging from mild to severe symptoms. |
| Type I Latex Allergy (Immediate Hypersensitivity): Symptoms | Immediate symptoms can include itching, hives, skin redness, nasal congestion, sneezing, coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath, and in severe cases, anaphylaxis. |
| Type IV Latex Allergy (Delayed Hypersensitivity): Symptoms | Delayed symptoms typically occur several hours to days after contact with latex and can include dry, itchy, or irritated skin, redness, rash, and in some cases, blisters. |
| Type I Latex Allergy (Immediate Hypersensitivity): Mechanism | involves the production of immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies in response to latex proteins. Upon subsequent exposure to latex, the binding of IgE antibodies to latex proteins leads to the release of histamine and other chemicals, triggering an reaction. |
| Type IV Latex Allergy (Delayed Hypersensitivity): Mechanism | Type IV latex allergy is a cell-mediated immune response. Sensitized T-cells recognize specific latex proteins as foreign substances and initiate an inflammatory reaction upon re-exposure. |
| Individuals at higher risk of developing latex allergy include | healthcare workers, individuals with a history of multiple surgeries or medical procedures, and those with a history of allergies, particularly to certain fruits (such as bananas, avocados, or kiwis) that share allergenic proteins with latex. |
| Latex Allergy Prevention and Management: Identification and Avoidance: | Individuals with latex allergy should identify latex-containing products and avoid direct contact with them. Non-latex alternatives, such as nitrile or vinyl gloves, should be used. |
| Latex Allergy Prevention and Management: 2.) Communication: | Inform healthcare providers, colleagues, and individuals involved in medical procedures about latex allergy to ensure proper precautions and alternative products are used. |
| Latex Allergy Prevention and Management: Medication | In cases of severe latex allergy or potential exposure to latex during medical procedures, healthcare professionals may prescribe antihistamines or epinephrine auto-injectors for emergency use. |
| Latex Allergy Prevention and Management: Patch Testing: | A healthcare professional can perform patch testing to identify specific latex allergens and guide avoidance measures. |
| Latex Allergy Prevention and Management: Education and Awareness: | Individuals with latex allergy should educate themselves about hidden sources of latex and raise awareness about their condition among healthcare providers and others in their environment. |
| Which of the following are used to create barriers that protect skin, clothing, mucous membranes, and the respiratory tract from infectious agents? | PPE |
| What does donning mean? | PUT ON |
| What is the PPE order of donning? | Gown,mask,goggle/face shield ,glove |
| What is the PPE order of removal (doffing)? | Gloves, goggles, gown, mask |
| Infection acquired in a medical facility | Nosocomial infection |
| Most important hand washing factors | Friction, soap, warm running water |
| Which of the following is the best reason for using warm water for handwashing? | Prevents from skin chapping and cracking |
| Which of the following provides information on the hazards and actions necessary when working with specific chemicals? | Safety data sheets |
| Which of the following are examples of other potentially infectious material (OPIM)? | Body fluids, non-intact skin, and mucous membrane are all examples of other potentially infectious material (OPIM). |
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CATCCMA