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Endocrine Part A
Module 1. Endocrine Part A Notes
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The body's second great controlling system which influences metabolic activities of cells by means of hormones | Endocrine System |
| Endocrine glands | Pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pineal, and thymus |
| The ____ & ____ produce BOTH HORMONES AND EXOCRINE PRODUCTS | Pancreas & Gonads |
| Can you name an endocrine product of the pancreas? | Insulin or glucagon |
| Can you name an exocrine product of the gonads? | Sperm or eggs (ova) |
| The ____ has both neural functions and releases hormones | Hypothalamus |
| Autocrines | Chemicals that exert effects on the same cells that secrete them |
| Paracrines | Locally acting chemicals (secreted into ECF) that affect nearby cells other than those that secrete them |
| These are not considered hormones since hormones are long-distance chemical signals that travel through the bloodstream | Autocrines & Paracrines |
| Chemical substances secreted by cells into the extracellular fluids (into bloodstream) | Hormones |
| Regulate the metabolic function of other cells | Hormones |
| Have lag times ranging from seconds to hours | Hormones |
| Tend to have *prolonged effects* | Hormones |
| Are classified as amino acid-based hormones or steroids | Hormones |
| Biologically active lipids with local hormone-like activity | Eicosanoids |
| Amines, thyroxin(e), peptide, and protein hormones | Amino-acid based |
| Gonadal and adrenocortical hormones | Steroids |
| Leukotrienes and prostaglandins | Eicosanoids |
| Second messengers | Involves regulatory G proteins, Amino acid-based hormones, these hormones cannot enter the cell. |
| Direct gene activation | Steroid hormones, these hormones do enter the cell. |
| Hormones produce one or more of the following cellular changes in target cells | * Alter plasma membrane permeability. * Stimulate protein synthesis * Activate or deactivate enzyme systems * Inducce secretory activity * Stimulate mitosis (PMAT) |
| Prompt DNA transcription to produce what? | mRNA |
| The mRNA is translated into ___ which bring about a cellular effect. ______ & ______ have their effects using this mechanism | Protein. Steroids & Thyroid Hormone. |
| Hormones circulate to all tissues but *only activate cells* referred to as ____ | Target Cells |
| ______ receptors are only found on certain cells of adrenal cortex | ACTH |
| _____ (______) receptors are found in nearly all cells of the body | Thyroxin(e) (Thyroid Hormone) receptors |
| Target cell activation depends on three factors | 1. Blood levels of the hormone 2. Relative number of receptors on the target cell 3. The affinity of those receptors for the hormone |
| ____ Target cells form more receptors in response to the hormone | Up-regulation |
| ____ Target cells lose receptors in response to the hormone | Down-regulation |
| If you take ____ _____ (very high) of a hormone, this often results. Your cells become "insensitive" to the hormone. | Pharmacological doses |
| *** Hormones circulate IN THE BLOOD in two forms ___ or ____ | Free or Bound |
| ____ & ____ are attached to plasma proteins (hydrophobic) bound. | Steroids and Thyroid Hormone |
| Hormones are removed from the blood by: | Degrading enzymes, the kidneys, liver enzyme system |
| Three types of hormone interaction | 1. Permissiveness 2. Synergism 3. Antagonism |
| Permissiveness | One hormone cannot exert its effects without another hormone being present. "it needs permission" to do its job. |
| Synergism | More than one hormone produces the same affects on a target cell |
| Antagonism | One or more hormones opposes the action of another hormone. Example: Insulin vs. Glucagon |
| Blood levels of hormones are controlled by: ____ ____ ____ | Negative feedback systems |
| Blood level of hormones vary only within a ___ ___ ___ | Narrow desirable range |
| Hormones are synthesized and released in response to: | Humoral stimuli Neural stimuli Hormonal stimuli |
| ____ ____ - Secretion of hormones in direct response to changing blood levels of ions and nutrients. | Humoral Stimuli |
| Nerve fibers stimulate hormone release | Neural stimuli |
| Preganglionic sympathetic nervous system (SNS) fibers stimulate the adrenal medulla to secrete ____ | catecholamines |
| Release of hormones in response to hormones produced by other endocrine organs | Hormonal Stimuli |
| The ____ hormones stimulate the anterior pituitary | Hypothalamic hormones |
| ____ hormones stimulate *other target organs* to secrete still more hormones. | Pituitary Hormones |
| Target organ hormone levels, *inhibits release of tropic hormones* | Negative feedback |
| Stretching of uterus, OT release, which causes contraction of smooth muscle of uterus, which causes further stretching of uterus which OT release, until delivery | Positive feedback |
| The ___ system modififies the stimulation of endocrine glands and their negative feedback mechanisms | Nervous system |
| The ____ system can override normal endocrine controls. | Nervous System |
| ____ gland (a.k.a, the hypophysis) - two-lobed organ that secretes nine major hormones. | Pituitary gland |
| ______hypophysis - posterior lobe (neural tissue) and the infundibulum. | Neurohypophysis |
| Receives, stores, and releases hormones from the hypothalamus. Does NOT synthesize those hormones. | Neurohypophysis |
| ____hypophysis - anterior lobe made up of glandular tissue | Adenohypophysis |
| Synthesizes and secretes a number of hormones | Adenohypophysis |
| The posterior lobe is a downgrowth of hypothalamic ___ tissue | Neural |
| Has a neural connection with the hypothalamus | Hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract |
| ____ of the hypothalamus synthesize oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone (ADH) | Nuclei |
| The ____ ____ of the pituitary (adenohypophysis) is an outpocketing of the oral mucosa | Anterior lobe |
| There is no direct neural contact with the hypothalamus | Anterior lobe |
| The six hormones of the adenohypophysis: | GH, TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH, AND PRL |
| The _____ sends a chemical stimulus to the anterior pituitary | Hypothalamus |
| ____ hormones stimulate the synthesis and release of hormones | Releasing hormones |
| ____ hormones hsut off the synthesis and release of hormones | Inhibiting |
| The tropic hormones that are released are: | Growth hormone (GH, somatotropin), Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), Luteinizing hormone (LH) |
| Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) | Stimulates GH release |
| Growth hormone-inhibiting hormone (GHIH) | inhibits GH release a.k.a somatostatin |
| GH stimulates __, ___ ___, ____, and ____ to produce insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) | Liver, skeletal muscle, bonem and cartilage |
| Direct action promotes lipolysis for energy and inhibits glucose uptake (glucose sparing). - Mimics high glucose blood levels of diabetes - Hence the term _____ effect | Diabetogenic Effect |
| Hormone released from the anterior pituitary that stimulates the normal development and secretory activity of the thyroid gland, causing the thyroid to release thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) | Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)/Thyrotropin) |
| A hormone released from the hypothalamus and triggers the anterior pituitary to release thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) | Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone (TRH) |
| When blood levels of thyroid hormones (T3 & T4) rise, they act on the pititary and hypothalamus to inhibit further release of TSH, preventing excessive thyroid hormone production. | Negative Feedback (Thyroid Regulation) |
| A hormone released from the anterior pituitary that stimulates the adrenal cortex to release corticosteroids (such as cortisol) | Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)/Corticotropin |
| A hormone released from the hypothalamus that stimulates the anterior pituitary to release adrenocorcotropic hormone (ACTH). It is released in a daily rhythm (circadian rhythm) | Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone (CRH) |
| Internal and external stressors such as fever, hypoglycemia, and stress can stimulate the hypothalamus to release CRH, which then leads to ACTH release. | Factors that trigger CRH release |
| ______ - Follicle- stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) | Gonadotropins |
| ____ stimulates gamete (egg or sperm) production | FSH |
| A gonadotropin released from the anterior pituitary that works with FSH to cause maturation of the ovarian follicle, triggers ovulation, and promotores synthesis and release of estrogens and progesterone | Luteinizing Hormone (LH) |
| The expulsion (release) of an egg from the ovarian follicle, triggered by luteinizing hormone (LH) | Ovulation |
| Female sex hormones produced by the ovaries that regulate the female reproductive cycle and development of secondary sex characteristics. | Estrogens |
| A hormone produced by the ovaries that prepares and maintains the uterus for pregnancy. | Progesterone |
| A gonadotropin released from the anterior pituitary that stimulates the interstitial cells of the testes to produces testosterone. | Luteinizing Hormone (LH) |
| The primary male sex horomone produced by the testes that is responsible for male reproductive function and development of secondary sexy characteristics | Testosterone |
| Another name for luteinizing hormone (LH) in males, because it stimulates the interstitial (leydig) cells of the testes to produce testosterone. | Interstitial Cell-Stimulating Hormone (ICSH) |
| A hormone released from the anterior pituitary that stimulates milk production in the breasts in females. | Prolactin (PRL) |
| A hormone released from the hypothalamus that stimulates the anterior pituitary to release prolactin (PRL) | Prolactin-releasing Hormone (PRH) |
| A hormone from the hypothalamus that inhibits the release of prolactin (PRL) PIH is actually dopamine | Prolactin-inhibiting hormone (PIH) |
| Acts as prolactin-inhibiting hormone (PIH) and suppresses prolactin release from the anterior pituitary | Dopamine (in prolactin regulation) |
| The posterior pituitary is made of axons of hypothalamic neurons and stores and releases antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin | Posterior Pituitary |
| A hormone synthesized in the hypothalamus and stored in the posterior pituitary that regulates water balance by increasing water absorption in the kidneys. | Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) |
| A hormone synthesized in the hypothalamus and released from the posterior pituitary that stimulates smooth muscle contraction in the uterus during labor and in the breasts during milk ejection. | Oxytocin |
| The hypothalamus synthesizes ADH and oxytocin, which are transported to and stored in the posterior pituitary for release | Hypothalamus (Posterior Pituitary Hormones) |
| A cell signaling pathway used by ADH and oxytocin that involves phosphatidylinositol phosphate (PIP) and calcium to transmit hormonal signals inside the cell. | PIP- Calcium Second Messenger Mechanism |
Created by:
nvinson96