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classical period
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| what did Voltaire+ Diderot do? | promoted reason, progress, and challenged aristocratic/church authority; shaped age of enlightment |
| Joseph II of Austria | implemented enlightment reforms, abolishing selfdom, reducing privileges of nobility/church |
| political/social upheavals during the classical pd | 7 years war, American/French revolution, Napoleonic wars, shifted power towards the middle class |
| artistic style transitioned from ornate rococo to ________________ | moralistic neoclassical |
| what were some themes in the works of painters like David, Hogarth, and Goya? | patriotism, critiquing aristocracy, protesting oppression/violence |
| what years were the pre-classical pd? | 1730-1770 |
| what happened during the pre-classical pd? | simplicity favored, less polyphony, rococo style art |
| who were 2 major pioneers of the pre-classical shift? | Carl Philip Emanuel Bach and Johann Christian Bach |
| rococo style art | gallant, light, graceful |
| what years did the fully developed classical style take place? | 1770-1820 |
| was rhythm flexible in the classical pd? | yes |
| how many sections were in the classical orchestra? | 4 (strings, woodwinds, brass, percussion) |
| what was the leader in the orchestra? | strings (especially 1st violin) |
| what the the woodwinds do in the orchestra? | add color, contrast, solos |
| what did the brass and percussion do in the orchestra? | harmony+power, emphasised rythm |
| what class of people arose in the classical pd? | middle class |
| why was there a rise in demand for concerts, printed music, instruments, and lessons? | ppl now had more money |
| what kind of opera had folk-like tunes? | comic opera |
| describe vienna | seat of Roman empire, composition cultural center, had 250,000 residents in 1800 |
| Haydn+Mozart composed __________ and ___________ for outdoor entertainment in Vienna | divertimentos and serenades |
| sonata form | refers to structure of a single movement rather than a whole sonata |
| where was sonata form common? | in fast movements |
| what are the parts of an exposition in sonata form? | 1. 1st theme in tonic key 2. Bridge with modulation 3. 2nd theme in new key 4. closing section in new key |
| the exposition is usually __________ | repeated |
| describe the development section of sonata form | most dramatic, fragmented/transformed/modulated themes in new keys, tense+unstable |
| describe the recapitulation section of sonata form | -resolves harmonic/thematic tension -restates the 1st theme, bridge, and 2nd theme all in the tonic key |
| what does the coda do in sonata form? | conclusion, restates/further develops themes |
| theme/variations | repeats theme multiple times, changing it with each variation |
| what can variations do? | alter melody, rythm, harmony, tone color, accompamient |
| do variations have to switch moods? | no |
| is there a specific # of variations you must have? | no |
| where did the minuet/trio come from? | a stately aristocratic dance at the court of king Louis XIV (1650) |
| how was minuet/trio used? | as the 3rd movement of symphonies, string quartets, and other works |
| did people dance to the minuet/trio? | no, it was for listening, not dancing |
| describe the form of the minuet/trio? | ABA (ternary); Minuet A, Trio B, return to Minuet A |
| what happened in Minuet A? | A (repeated), b, A' (repeated) |
| what happened in the Trio B? | c (repeated), d, c' (repeated) |
| what happened in the Da Capo return? | a, b, a' (no repeats) |
| what is a scherzo? | beethoven's innovation; faster/more vigorous version of the minuet |
| what form is scherzo in? | ABA |
| what is rondo? | built around a main theme (a) that alternates with contrasting themes |
| what key is the main theme of rondo often in? | tonic key |
| what was rondo often used for? | bright, conclusive ending to symphonies, sonatas, and string quartets |
| what is sonata-rondo? | when you combine sonata and rondo form (ABA-development-ABA) |
| who were some of the main classical symphony composers? | Haydn, mozart, beethoven |
| how long were most classical symphonies? | 20-45 min |
| describe the 4 movements of classical symphonies | 1) fast, dramatic opening (often in sonata form) 2) lyrical, slow movement (often in new key) 3) dance-like (minuet+trio or scherzo) 4) fast finale (brilliant/heroic; sonata or sonata-rondo form) |
| what is the classical concerto? | 3 movement work for soloist+orchestra |
| describe the movements of the classical concerto | fast, slow, fast |
| does the classical concerto contain minuet/trio? | no |
| exposition structure of the concerto | double exposition; orchestra presents theme, them the soloist develops it |
| which 2 composers were concerto masters? | Beethoven and mozart |
| What is a symphonie concertante? | 2-3 movement work for 2-4 soloist and orchestra |
| Describe a symphonie concertante | Light, gracious, and always in a major key |
| What is the first movement of symphonie concertante like? | Similar to concerto sonata form |
| What is the 2nd movement of symphonie concertante like? | Often rondeau |
| When did the symphonie concertante evolve? | Around 1770 |
| Who were the main composers of symphonie concertante? | Joseph bologne, Mozart, Haydn |
| Which composer was named Chevalier and Officer of royal guard at age 17? | Joseph bologne |
| which composer joined concert de Amateurs, was a conductor, and a pioneer to symphonic concertante? | Joseph bologne |
| what group did bologne conduct? | Concert de la Olimpique |
| which 2 famous people greatly admired Joseph bologne? | Marie Antoinette and John Adams |
| What did Joseph bologne do in 1792? | served as a colonel |
| after his death, Joseph bologne's music was largely forgotten until the _________________________ | 20th century revival |
| classical chamber music | music written for 2-9 players; made for private rooms and not large concert halls |
| how does chamber music sound? | light and intimate |
| did a chamber group have a conductor? | no |
| what were the different types of chamber music? | string quartet, sonata, piano trio, string quintet |
| what was the most important form of chamber music? | string quartet |
| describe the movements of the string quartet | fast, slow, minuet/scherzo, fast |
| which composer was a choirboy as a kid, but dismissed when his voice changed? | Joseph haydn |
| what family did Haydn serve for nearly 30 years? | Esterhazy family |
| what year was Haydn freed from court service? | 1790 |
| what did Haydn do after he was freed from court service? | he traveled to London and his symphonies earned him international recognition |
| what did Haydn do when he returned to Vienna? | wrote 6 celebrated masses and 2 major oratorios |
| what were the 2 major oratorios that Haydn wrote? | The creation and The seasons |
| describe Haydn's minuets | influenced by peasant songs/songs of his youth; often earthy and lively rather than courtly |
| what was Haydn a master at? | fragmenting/developing themes |
| haydn loved musical __________ (ex- sudden pauses, dynamic shifts, playful elements) | jokes |
| which person in authority did Mozart clash with? | Prince-archbishop Hieroymous Colleredo |
| when did Mozart break away to pursue a freelance carreer? | 1781 |
| which people did Mozart succeed with? | Die Entfuhrung Aus Dem Serail, Le Nozze di Figaro, and Don Giovanni |
| what form of music did Mozart raise to the highest level? | piano concertos |
| which composer studied briefly under Haydn in Vienna? | beethoven |
| after losing his hearing, Beethoven wrote what work to express his despair? | Heliganstadt |
| which composer started to use scherzo in place of minuet? | beethoven |
| describe beethoven's 3 style periods | 1. early- influenced by Haydn/Mozart 2. middle- heroic works like eroica 3. late- deeply expressive, fugues, modern sounds |
Created by:
gschultz2028