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respiratory
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Asthma | a chronic, non-curable lung disease causing airway inflammation, swelling, and mucus production, leading to wheezing, chest tightness, coughing, and shortness of breath |
| Punctured Lung | an abnormal collection of air in the space between the lung and chest wall, causing all or part of the lung to collapse |
| Pulmonary Fibrosis | a chronic, progressive lung disease characterized by scarring and stiffening of lung tissue (alveoli), making it difficult to breathe and transfer oxygen into the bloodstream |
| Pulmonary Edema | excess fluid buildup in the lung's air sacs (alveoli), causing severe breathing difficulty, rapid oxygen reduction, and potential respiratory failure |
| Hyperventilate | rapid or deep breathing (overbreathing) that reduces carbon dioxide levels in the blood, typically caused by anxiety, panic, or stress |
| Diffusion | the net movement of molecules or atoms from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration, driven by random thermal motion (Brownian motion) until equilibrium is reached |
| Inspiration | specialized medical technology companies and the field of bio-inspired (biomimetic) engineering |
| Expiration | IV/IP fluids generally expiring on the day of use, while refrigerated, punctured bags may last two weeks |
| Respiratory Rate | 12 to 20 breaths per minute |
| Pulse Oximetry | Pulse oximetry is a noninvasive, painless method to measure blood oxygen saturation and heart rate |
| Peak Expiratory Flow (PEF) | measures how fast you can blow air out of your lungs using a hand-held meter, indicating airway obstruction |
| Peak Expiratory Flow Rate (PEFR) | measures how fast a person can exhale |
| Forced Expiratory Volume (FEV1) | a critical spirometry measurement indicating the volume of air a person can forcibly exhale within the first second of a full breath |
| Bronchodilator | medications that widen airways by relaxing bronchial smooth muscle |
| Upper Respiratory Tract | comprises the nose, nasal cavity, sinuses, pharynx (throat), and larynx (voice box) |
| Larynx | the hollow muscular organ forming an air passage to the lungs and holding the vocal cords in humans and other mammals; the voice box |
| Pharynx | facilitates breathing, initiates swallowing, aids in speech production, and acts as a defense mechanism by filtering air |
| Nasal cavity | a large, air-filled space above and behind the nose in the middle of the face, divided into two halves by the nasal septum |
| Lower Respiratory Tract | consists of the trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli |
| Bronchi | The bronchi are the two main, cartilage-supported airways that branch from the trachea into the lungs |
| Bronchioles | any of the minute branches into which a bronchus divides |
| Alveoli | any of the many tiny air sacs of the lungs which allow for rapid gaseous exchange |
| Trachea | a large membranous tube reinforced by rings of cartilage, extending from the larynx to the bronchial tubes and conveying air to and from the lungs; the windpipe |
| Lungs | primary organs of the respiratory system |
| Right Superior Lobe (Right Upper) | the uppermost of three lobes in the right lung, located in the right superior corner of the thoracic cavity |
| Right Medial Lobe (Right Middle) | one of three lobes in the right lung, located between the horizontal fissure (superiorly) and the oblique fissure (inferiorly) |
| Right Inferior Lobe (Right Lower) | the largest of the three lobes in the right lung, located in the lower, posterior, and basal area of the right thoracic cavity |
| Left Superior Lobe (Left Upper) | the upper, larger of two lobes in the left lung, located above the left oblique fissure |
| Left Inferior Lobe (Left Lower) | the lower, larger portion of the left lung, separated from the upper lobe by the oblique fissure |
| Horizontal Fissure | a right-lung structure separating the right superior (upper) lobe from the right middle lobe |
| Oblique Fissure | a deep, bilateral invagination of the visceral pleura that separates the superior and inferior lobes in the left lung, and the inferior lobe from the middle/superior lobes in the right lung |
| Diaphragm | a dome-shaped skeletal muscle separating the chest and abdominal cavities, serving as the primary muscle for respiration |
| Cartilaginous rings | Tracheal rings are 16 to 20 stacked, C-shaped bands of hyaline cartilage that form the trachea (windpipe) |
| Epiglottis | a flexible, leaf-shaped flap of cartilage in the throat, located behind the tongue and in front of the larynx, that acts as a guard for the airway |
| Respiratory zone | the deep lung region where gas exchange occurs, transferring oxygen to the blood and removing carbon dioxide |
| Conducting zone | consists of respiratory passageways—nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and terminal bronchioles—that transport air to the lungs without participating in gas exchange |
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