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Mental Health Test
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Explain how crossing several time zones affects the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) and the subsequent release of melatonin. How does this relate to the symptoms of jet lag? | Light hits the retina, signaling the SCN to tell the pineal gland to stop producing melatonin. Jet lag occurs because the SCN is still synced to the old time zone, causing sleepiness when it should be daylight. |
| If a therapist tells you that your dream of a flying bird represents your unconscious desire for freedom, they are using the Psychodynamic perspective. How would the Activation-Synthesis theory explain that same dream differently? | Activation-Synthesis would argue the dream has no meaning; it is simply the brain's attempt to weave a story out of random neural firing coming from the brain stem. |
| Why is REM sleep referred to as paradoxical sleep? | Because the brain is highly active (resembling an awake state on an EEG), yet the body's muscles are paralyzed (atonia). |
| A person who is constantly sick and failing to physically recover from minor injuries might be lacking in NREM-3 sleep. What specific brain waves are dominant during this stage, and what is its primary function? | Delta waves are dominant. Its primary function is physical restoration, growth hormone release, and immune system repair. |
| A researcher wants to measure the brain wave activity of a participant during a full night of sleep. Which tool (EEG) would they use to see the transition from Alpha to Delta waves? | An Electroencephalogram (EEG), which records electrical activity through electrodes on the scalp. |
| Describe the hypnagogic sensations one might feel during the transition into NREM-1 sleep. | These are sensory experiences that occur without a stimulus, such as the feeling of falling (hypnic jerk) or seeing vivid, dream-like imagery. |
| Explain how REM rebound indicates the importance of REM sleep. | After missing out on REM sleep, a person spends a longer time in REM than usual, skipping time needed in other stages of sleep. This shows that REM must be really important if a person spends less time in other stages to get more REM. |
| Describe the roles of restoration theory and consolidation theory in explaining why we need to sleep. | Restoration theory claims sleep fixes the body/brain; Consolidation theory claims sleep helps process and file memories from the day. |
| A person suddenly collapses into REM sleep while laughing at a joke. Which sleep disorder is this? | Narcolepsy (specifically involving cataplexy, a loss of muscle tone). |
| Why is REM Sleep Behavior Disorder considered more dangerous than normal REM sleep? | The normal paralysis of REM fails, causing the person to physically act out their dreams, which can lead to injury. |
| During which stage of sleep does somnambulism (sleepwalking) usually occur? | NREM-3 (deep sleep). |
| Describe the breathing patterns and daytime symptoms associated with sleep apnea. | The person repeatedly stops breathing during the night, leading to gasping, loud snoring, and extreme daytime fatigue. |
| How does insomnia differ from simply having one bad night of sleep? | It is a persistent problem (usually 3+ times a week for 3+ months) with falling or staying asleep, causing significant daytime distress. |
| One student feels motivated to study in a difficult class, while the other feels hopeless. Which psychological perspective explains this based on their internal interpretations? | The Cognitive perspective, which focuses on cognitive appraisal (how we evaluate a stressor). |
| If an individual develops high blood pressure and a severe illness after months of overwork, which stage of the General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) are they in? | The Exhaustion phase, where the body's resources are depleted. |
| Distinguish between eustress and distress. | Eustress is positive, motivating stress (e.g., a promotion); Distress is negative, overwhelming stress (e.g., a car accident). |
| Explain the relationship between Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) and long-term health. | Chronic stress from ACEs can lead to permanent immune suppression and chronic hypertension in adulthood. |
| Give an example of a situation where the coping strategy of emotion-focused coping is more adaptive than problem-focused coping. | Grieving the loss of a loved one since the problem cannot be fixed, managing the emotional reaction is the only healthy path. |
| According to the Evolutionary Perspective, why might women be more likely to reach out for social support during a crisis than men? Link this to the tend-and-befriend theory. | The Evolutionary Perspective says that behavioral patterns persist because they provided a survival advantage to ancestors, a fight-or-flight reaction was less practical for ancestral females who were frequently pregnant or caring for dependent offspring. |
| According to Positive Psychology, what are positive subjective experiences and signature strengths? | Subjective experiences are feelings like happiness/well-being; signature strengths are character traits (like bravery or kindness) that promote growth. |
| How does the concept of posttraumatic growth differ from simply recovering? | It involves a positive transformation where the individual feels stronger or has a better perspective on life because of the struggle. |
| While the APA publishes the DSM-5, the World Health Organization (WHO) publishes the ICD. How is the ICD used differently? | The ICD is used globally for all medical and mental health diagnoses; the DSM is used primarily in the US for mental disorders. |
| What is a common criticism regarding the DSM-5's use of diagnostic labels? | Labels can create stigma, lead to biased interpretations of behavior, or cause self-fulfilling prophecies. |
| According to the diathesis-stress model, why might two people with the same genetic predisposition for Schizophrenia have different outcomes? | One may have been exposed to high environmental stress (the trigger), while the other lived in a stable environment. |
| According to the Cognitive Perspective, how would a person with a depressive explanatory style explain a failed driving test? | Internal ("I'm bad at this"), Stable ("I'll never get it right"), and Global ("I'm a failure at everything"). |
| Contrast hallucinations and delusions in Schizophrenia. | Hallucinations are false sensory experiences (e.g., hearing voices); Delusions are false, fixed beliefs (e.g., thinking you are the President). |
| Define word salad in Schizophrenia. | Severely disorganized, jumbled speech that follows no logical structure. |
| Describe catatonia and the catatonic stupor in Schizophrenia. | Catatonia is disorganized motor behavior; a stupor involves remaining motionless and unresponsive for hours. |
| What is the difference between positive symptoms and negative symptoms in Schizophrenia? | Positive symptoms are additions (hallucinations); Negative symptoms are subtractions (flat affect, lack of speech). |
| Contrast delusions of persecution with delusions of grandeur in Schizophrenia. | Persecution is the belief others are out to harm you; Grandeur is the belief you have special powers or fame. |
| Explain the dopamine hypothesis in Schizophrenia. | It suggests Schizophrenia is caused by an overabundance of dopamine or oversensitive dopamine receptors. |
| What is the difference between acute and chronic Schizophrenia? | Acute has a sudden onset (often a reaction to stress) and better recovery; Chronic develops slowly and is harder to treat. |
| Contrast Bipolar I disorder and Bipolar II disorder. | Bipolar I involves at least one full manic episode and depression; Bipolar II involves hypomania (less intense) and depression. |
| Define bipolar cycling. | Rapidly moving between the poles of mania and depression. |
| How does Persistent Depressive Disorder differ from Major Depressive Disorder? | Persistent Depressive Disorder is milder but lasts longer (at least 2 years). |
| Contrast Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) with Panic Disorder. | GAD is a constant worry; Panic Disorder involves sudden, intense spikes of terror (panic attacks). |
| What does a panic attack feel like? | A panic attack is an intense crescendo of physical symptoms (racing heart, shortness of breath) that feels like a heart attack or medical emergency. |
| Compare and contrast Acrophobia, Arachnophobia, and Agoraphobia. | Acrophobia (Heights); Arachnophobia (Spiders); Agoraphobia (Open/crowded spaces where escape is difficult). |
| If someone refuses to leave their house for fear of having a panic attack, which diagnosis is most likely? | Agoraphobia. |
| How do Ataque de nervios or Taijin kyofusho illustrate the Sociocultural perspective? | They show that culture influences how psychological distress is expressed and experienced. |
| Contrast obsessions and compulsions in OCD. | Obsessions are intrusive thoughts; Compulsions are repetitive behaviors performed to reduce the anxiety of the obsession. |
| How does OCD Hoarding Disorder differ from typical collecting? | It involves extreme difficulty discarding items, regardless of value, to the point of hazardous clutter. |
| Contrast Dissociative Amnesia (with Fugue) and Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID). | Amnesia involves memory loss; Fugue includes wandering/assuming a new identity. DID involves two or more distinct personalities. |
| Explain the difference between hypervigilance and flashbacks in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). | Hypervigilance is a state of extreme alertness and sensitivity to your surroundings, while a flashback is a re-experiencing symptom where the individual feels as though they are actually back in the traumatic event. |
| Contrast Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa. | Anorexia involves self-starvation and significantly low weight; Bulimia involves a binge-purge cycle with weight usually in the normal range. |
| Contrast Autism Spectrum Disorder with ADHD. | Autism centers on social-communication deficits; ADHD centers on inattention and impulsivity. |
| Cluster B: Contrast Antisocial Personality Disorder with Borderline Personality Disorder. | Antisocial involves a lack of remorse and disregard for others; Borderline involves extreme emotional instability and fear of abandonment. |
| Cluster B: How does Histrionic Personality Disorder differ from Narcissistic Personality Disorder? | Histrionic is about needing any attention; Narcissistic is about needing admiration and feeling superior. |
| Cluster C: How is Avoidant Personality Disorder different from shyness? | It is a pervasive pattern of feeling inadequate and being hypersensitive to any possible rejection. |
| How is Dependent Personality Disorder different from Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder (OCPD). | Dependent is a submissive need to be taken care of; OCPD is a rigid obsession with rules and appearing perfect. |
| What is an eclectic approach? | Using a blend of different therapeutic techniques (e.g., medication + CBT). |
| Explain the Humanistic emphasis on unconditional positive regard. | It is the therapist's total acceptance of the client, which allows the client to achieve self-actualization. |
| In Person-Centered Therapy, how does the therapist use active listening? | By echoing, restating, and seeking clarification of the client's feelings. |
| Explain Free Association and Dream Interpretation in Psychodynamic therapy. | Free association involves saying whatever comes to mind to uncover the unconscious. Dreams have Manifest content (story) and Latent content (meaning). |
| Contrast REBT with traditional Cognitive Therapy. | REBT is confrontational and includes behavior interventions; traditional Cognitive Therapy is a gentler cognitive restructuring of distortions. |
| Define Beck's Cognitive Triad. | Negative thoughts about the Self, the World, and the Future. |
| How does Systematic Desensitization use fear hierarchies? | The client ranks fears from least to most scary and learns to stay relaxed at each step (counterconditioning). |
| Give an example of Aversion Therapy. | Putting a nauseating drug in alcohol so the person associates drinking with being sick. |
| How does a Token Economy work? | People earn tokens for desired behaviors (operant conditioning) and exchange them for rewards. |
| How is Biofeedback used? | Sensors allow a person to monitor their own physiological state (like heart rate) and learn to control it to reduce stress. |
| Describe how SSRIs increase serotonin. | SSRIs increase serotonin by inhibiting the reuptake of serotonin. |
| What drug is Tardive Dyskinesia a side effect of, and why does this happen? | Tardive Dyskinesia is facial tics caused by long-term antipsychotic use. Antipsychotics are used to decrease the dopamine in schizophrenia, and Tardive Dyskinesia occurs when dopamine is too low. |
| Contrast ECT and TMS. | ECT is a brief electric current causing a seizure; TMS is non-invasive magnetic pulses. Both treat severe depression. |
| What was the goal of deinstitutionalization? | To move patients out of large state hospitals and into independent living and getting treatment through smaller, decentralized community clinics. |
| Why is the therapeutic alliance important? | The bond and trust between client and therapist is the single best predictor of successful therapy. |
| What is the difference between a positive correlation and a negative correlation? | In a negative correlation, one variable increases as the other decreases; in a positive correlation, both variables move in the same direction. |
| Why is a control condition necessary in an experimental study? | In psychological research, a control condition (or control group) is the baseline used for comparison. Without it, researchers cannot determine if the changes in the participants were caused by the treatment or by something else. |
Created by:
lcurty100