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Stack #4649649
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| how does dna actually work to code for protiens and traits? | by acting as an instruction manual for building proteins through a two-step process: transcription and translation |
| what is the structure of DNA | a double helix, resembling a twisted ladder |
| explain transcription | the first step of gene expression where a specific segment of DNA is copied into a new molecule of messenger RNA (mRNA) by the enzyme RNA polymerase. |
| explain translation | the biological process where ribosomes in the cytoplasm or endoplasmic reticulum synthesize proteins by decoding messenger RNA (mRNA) sequences into polypeptide chains |
| how is mitosis different from meiosis? | Mitosis produces two genetically identical somatic (body) cells for growth and repair. Meiosis creates four genetically distinct haploid gametes (sperm or egg cells) for sexual reproduction, reducing the chromosome number by half |
| what are the general jobs completed by protiens in hemoglobin A+B? | transports oxygen from the lungs to tissues and brings carbon dioxide back to the lungs. |
| how do protiens get their specific shape? | primarily from the unique linear sequence of amino acids (primary structure) determined by genetic code. |
| how and why mutations might alter the shape of proteins? | by changing the DNA sequence, which alters the amino acid sequence during translation |
| explain the basic biology of notable genetic disorders caused by single gene mutations impacting proteins | mutations (changes) in a specific DNA sequence, resulting in a protein that is missing, malfunctioning, or misfolded |
| explain trait disorders | chronic mental health conditions characterized by inflexible, unhealthy, and ingrained patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving that differ significantly from cultural norms |
| the types of genetic errors that can be passed on and why these occur during the basic growth/reproductive processes of humans | single-gene defects, chromosomal abnormalities, and mitochondrial DNA mutations |
| how can chromosomal mistakes occur during meiosis? | through nondisjunction, where homologous chromosomes (meiosis I) or sister chromatids (meiosis II) fail to separate properly |
| why do children not look exactly like their parents or siblings? | due to the random shuffling of genes, the inheritance of different genetic combinations, and environmental influences |
| explain crossing over | the exchange of genetic material between non-sister chromatids of homologous chromosomes during prophase I of meiosis |
| explain tetrad | a group of four chromatids (or four spores) formed during meiosis I when homologous chromosomes pair up. |
| how do you make and analyze a pedigree? | mapping family history using standardized symbols: squares for males, circles for females, and shading for affected individuals, organized by generation |
| how do you predict the chance of a child inheriting a trait? | determining the parents' genotypes (genetic makeup) and using tools like Punnett squares to calculate probabilities |
| what is the purpose of karyotypes? | to identify genetic problems by examining chromosome number, size, and shape. |
| what is the basic biology behind sickle cell disease? | a genetic blood disorder caused by a single, inherited mutation in the beta-globin gene (chromosome 11), creating abnormal hemoglobin S (HbS). |
| what type of mutation causes sickle cell? | a single point mutation in the HBB gene on chromosome 11 |
| howis the protein in sickle cell altered? | a genetic mutation causes a structural change in hemoglobin |
| what is the hematorcrit test? what parts of blood does it use? | measures the percentage of your total blood volume that consists of red blood cells (RBCs). It evaluates how well oxygen is transported throughout the body by separating red blood cells from plasma |
| how/why does sickle cells occur? | due to a genetic mutation in the HBB gene that causes red blood cells to produce abnormal hemoglobin |
| how/why does anemia occur? | when your blood lacks enough healthy red blood cells or hemoglobin, reducing oxygen delivery to body tissues. |
| how/why does splenic sequestration occur? | when sickled red blood cells become trapped in the spleen |
| how/why does a stroke occur? | when blood flow to part of the brain is interrupted (ischemic) or a blood vessel bursts (hemorrhagic), depriving brain cells of oxygen and causing them to die |
Created by:
noranaas14