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UNIT 4
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| sociocultural perspective | an approach that studies how social situations and cultural influences affect thinking, behavior, and personality. |
| attribution theory | people determine the cause of their and others behavior -dispositional -situational |
| dispositional attributions | internal (personal characteristics- laziness, empathy) -somone's behavior is a result for their personality, attitude, or choices |
| situational attributions | external (environment) -someone's behavior is a result of their circumstances, the environment they are in, or other forces outside of their control |
| attribution biases | -fundamental attribution error -actor-observer bias -self-serving bias |
| fundamental attribution error | overestimate dispositional and underestimate situational |
| actor-observer bias | others' behavior are dispositional while own behavior is situational |
| self-serving bias | take credit for good outcome, bad outcome was situational (someone else's fault) |
| explanatory style | how people explain events in their events -optimistic -pessimistic |
| optimistic explanatory style | outside of control, stable, healthier |
| pessimistic explanatory style | blame themselves, depressed |
| locus of control | what controls our lives -internal -external |
| internal locus of control | me |
| external locus of control | environment/fate |
| mere exposure effect | more around it, more you like it |
| self-fulfilling prophecy | belief in something causes it to become true-behavior |
| social comparison | evaluating yourself by comparing with others. Affects self esteem and motivation -upward -downward |
| upward | comparing with someone better |
| downward | comparing with someone worse |
| relative deprivation | the perception that one is worse off than those with whom one compares themself to -just got a used 2016 car, friend got a brand new 2026 car |
| attitude | a set of beliefs and feelings that predisposes a person to respond in a particular way to objects, people, or events. |
| stereotypes | general belief of groups/ could be positive or negative, no critical thinking -prejudice -discrimination |
| prejudice | negative attitude or feeling toward a person or group based solely on their membership in that group. |
| discrimination (explicit) | unjustified negative behavior or actions toward a person or group based on their membership in a particular group. |
| explicit attitudes | attitudes that people consciously know about and can easily report. |
| implicit attitudes | attitudes that exist outside of conscious awareness but still influence a person’s feelings, judgments, and behavior. |
| implicit attitudes can lead to | -just world phenomenon -out-group homogeneity bias -in-group bias -ethnocentrism |
| just world phenomenon | blame victims |
| out-group homogeneity bias | out group all the same |
| in-group bias | favor thier own in-group over out-groups |
| ethnocentrism | our culture is superior to others |
| belief perseverance | still right, even after proven wrong -flat earthers, cult followers |
| confirmation bias | seek only info that supports your view -collecting only data that supports hypothesis, only watching the news station that adheres to the platform of your political party |
| cognitive disonance | mental discomfort when attitude and behavior are in conflict. change attitude of behavior to make more align -smoking, January 6th in surrection |
| social norms | expectations and rules of situations/ undwritten ex: handshake with right hand |
| social influence theory | explains how people's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by the presence, actions, or expectations of others -normative -informational |
| normative | influenced by a desire to conform to the expectations of others in order to gain social approval or avoid social disapproval. -social approval (peer pressure) |
| informational | influenced by a desire to be correct, using others as a source of information when uncertain. -don't know how to act, look around to others ex: walk on certain side of hallway |
| elaboration likelihood model | how people’s attitudes change through two different routes of processing information: a central route and a peripheral route. |
| central route persuasion | content/ facts |
| peripheral route to persuasion | other aspects (emotions, humor, celebs: influencing) -halo effect |
| halo effect | impression based on single attribute/ good looking |
| foot-in-the-door | small request leads to longer -if you can get people to agree to a small request, they will become more likely to agree to a follow-up request that is larger. |
| door-in-the-face | denied large request leads to small request -a psychological strategy used to persuade individuals to agree to a request by first presenting an outrageous or unreasonable request, which is likely to be rejected |
| conformity | change behavior to fit in -do not get confused with groupthink -normative social influence -line experiment -if one person goes against group, we are more likely to go against group |
| groupthink | maintain agreement amongst group members, so you don't speak up (prevents critical thinking) |
| obedience | listening to an authority figure -shock experiment -standord prison experiment -situations play a major factor in how we act -both of these experiments violate ethical guidelines today |
| shock experiment | we listen to authority figure, even if we possibly kill (66%) |
| standord prison experiment | -stimulated prison -guards abused their authority |
| ex of foot-in-the-door | Asking a friend for a half a piece of gum, then a full piece the next day, then asking for two more pieces or something bigger the next day |
| ex of door-in-the-face | Asking my mom for $100 then asking for $50 because she’s more likely to say yes to that. |
| cultural phenomena | individualism, collectivism, multiculturalism -FAE is done more in individualistic culture |
| individualism | individual accomplishment over group |
| collectivism | group needs over our own needs |
| multiculturalism | equal coexistence of multiple cultures within a society (food, religion, holidays, multilingual) |
| group influences | group polarization, groupthink, diffusion of responsibility, social loafing, deindividuation |
| group polarization | like minded group members become more extreme (feel stronger Abt that idea) |
| groupthink | confirm to maintain agreement |
| diffusion of responsibility | less responsible to act when others are present (don't feel need to act because someone else will) |
| social loafing | put in less effort when working in group |
| deindividuation | lose sense of individuality and act differently in group leads to impulsive or anti-social behavior |
| social facilitation | perform better infront of people |
| social impairment | perform worse Infront of group |
| false conserous effect | overestimate the amount of people that agree with you |
| superordinate goal | working towards a common goal reduces hostility -boy scouts/ robber's cave |
| social trap | short term, self-interest over long-term collective well-being -prisoners dilemma -overfishing |
| bystander effect | more people, less likely to help -situational variables -attention variables -kitty genovese |
| situational variables | -diffusion of responsibility -social norms -emergency |
| attention variables | -notice |
| attruism | selfless behavior (prosocial behavior) |
| prosocial behavior may be caused by | -social debt -social reciprocity norm -social responsibility norm |
| social debt | feel obligated/ guilt to help someone when we receive help from them |
| social reciprocity norm | help those who've helped us (returning the favor) |
| social responsibility norm | expectaiton to help those in need (older ppl) |
| industrial-organizational (I/O) psychologists | focus on the workplace |
| psychodynamic theory | unconscious drives personality -ID, Ego, Superego |
| ID | unconscious -wants -devil |
| Ego | reality -what you decide |
| Superego | conscience -angel -right thing |
| defense mechanism | unconscious protecting ego -denial, rationalization, projection, repression, displacement, regression, sublimation, reaction formation |
| denial | refusal to accept reality. carols longtime pet had died, she continues to act as if it were alive |
| displacement | directing feelings at someone or something other than the source of those feelings. angry at not making the team, Sarah pushes her little sister when she gets home |
| projection | an attempt to protect one's feelings or self-eseem by blaming others. bill blamed his teacher's dislike of him for his poor grade |
| rationalization | an attempt to justify one's actions with an excuse. Anne justifies flunking a math test because she was absent the day it was scheduled |
| reaction formation | acting outwardly the opposite of what one feels |
| regression | acting as if one was back in an earlier less troublesome time in their life |
| repression | the unconscious exclusion or holding back feelings. you forget about chores you are supposed to do on the wknd allowing urself to enjoy the company of friends instead |
| sublimation | transforming unacceptable behaviors into acceptable ones. a very aggressive person might become a proffessional athlete |
| projection tests | probe preconscious and unconscious mind, subjective -roschach -thematic apperception test |
| humanistic psychology | personal growth |
| unconditional positive regard | support and love |
| self actualization | goal in life, full potential |
| social cognitive | how people’s thoughts, beliefs, expectations, and interpretations of social situations influence their behavior. -interaction of traits with situation |
| reciprocal determinism | behavior, personal factor, and environment create personality -self concept -self efficacy -self esteem |
| self concept | perception of oneself |
| self efficacy | belief in ability |
| self esteem | emotional evaluation |
| trait theory | characteristics |
| The Big Five Theory | describes human personality in terms of five broad, stable traits: -Agreeableness -Openness to experience -Extraversion -Conscientiousness -Emotional stability (neuroticism) |
| Agreeableness | a person’s tendency to be cooperative, trusting, kind, and compassionate toward others. |
| Openness to experience | a person’s level of imagination, curiosity, creativity, and willingness to try new ideas and experiences. |
| Extraversion | a person’s level of sociability, outgoingness, energy, and tendency to seek stimulation in the company of others. |
| Conscientiousness | a person’s level of organization, responsibility, self-discipline, and goal-directed behavior. |
| Emotional stability (neuroticism) | the ability to maintain a calm and resilient demeanor in response to negative stimuli, |
| factor analysis | (statistical measure) is used to measure and organize resposes |
| drive-reduction theory | motivated by behavior that works to satisfy a need, such as the need for food or water. Once the need is satisfied, the internal drive (hunger for example) is reduced. keeps body at homeostasis (maintaining balance) |
| homeostasis | maintaining balance |
| arousal theory | motivated by behavior that stimulates or lowers arousal. People want to maintain ideal, or comfortable, levels of arousal. -want comfortable levels of arousal (consciously aware of surrondings) -Yerkes-Dodson Law |
| Yerkes-Dodson Law | relationship between arousal and tasks. simple tasks may require a higher level of arousal. difficult tasks may require a lower level of arousal -boredom:low -anxiety: high |
| self determination theory | people are motivated by an instinsic fulfillment. our goal is to promote personal growth and well being. - want to learn and grow -Intrinsic motivation |
| intrinsic motivation | personally rewarding and fulfilling (hobbies/personality) |
| Incentive theory | motivation by a + or - stimulus that is present in the external environment (extrinsic) -extrinsic motivation |
| extrinsic motivation | external reward (money) -influenced by past experiences -positive (lure) -negative (repel) |
| instinct theory | survival: motivated by inherited patterns of behavior that are unlearned. Often, animal behavior is instinctive -innate -humans do not seem to demonstrate/ only babies |
| Kurt lewin's motivational conflict theory | conflicts between undesirable alternatives (avoidance-avoidance conflicts) are more difficult to resolve than conflicts between desirable alternatives (approach-approach conflicts) |
| approach-approach conflict | two good |
| approach-avoidance conflict | one event or goal, both good and bad |
| avoidance-avoidance conflict | two bad choices |
| sensation-seeking theory | personality trait, seek out arousing and thrilling activities (4 components: experience seeking, thrill or adventure seeking, disinhibition, boredom susceptibility) |
| experience seeking | novel experiences such as art, travel, music, social nonconformity, like new things |
| thrill or adventure seeking | outdoor activities and physically challenging |
| disinhibition | seek social settings to let loose. Drug use, parties, open relationships |
| boredom susceptibility | aversion to repetition, routine, and predictable circumstances |
| biological causes | -hormones -pituitary gland helps metabolism, controls endocrine system |
| hormones | ghrelin, leptin -both hormones send info to hypothalamus |
| ghrelin | "hunger hormone" released in stomach when empty |
| leptin | "satiely" produced by fat cells- and eliminates hunger |
| hypothalamus | controls body temp, thirst, hunger, etc |
| pituitary gland | helps metabolism, controls endocrine system |
| psychology of hunger | external eating cues, cultures |
| external eating cues | signals and cues -classical conditioning (ex: smell) -time -stress |
| cultures | -eat more with others -portions -variety (buffets) |
| physiological changes | heartbeat increases, blood pressure, perspiration |
| cognitive label (appraisal) | thought process of surroundings |
| facial-feedback hypothesis | facial expressions alter emotional feelings -pencil test |
| universal emotions | anger, disgust, sadness, happiness, fear, contempt and surprise -found in every culture |
| display rules | norms on how we express emotions in social situations |
| broaden-and-build theory of emotion | emotions affect our well being -positive emotions -negative emotions |
| positive emotions | expands a persons awareness or perception of the world and build on one another, leading to a life of improved well being |
| negative emotions | narrow our thinking, prevent growth |
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