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Vision
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Vision | Detection of a portion of electromagnetic radiation (light waves) by the eyes |
| Light Waves | Energy that travels in waves and is detected by the visual system |
| Wavelength | Distance between peaks of a wave that determines color (hue) |
| Frequency | Number of waves in a given time and is inversely related to wavelength |
| Amplitude | Height of a wave that determines brightness or intensity |
| Pupil | Opening in the eye where light enters |
| Iris | Colored part of the eye that controls pupil size |
| Cornea | Transparent outer layer that protects the eye and refracts light |
| Sclera | White outer wall of the eyeball that protects the eye |
| Conjunctiva | Thin membrane covering the sclera and inside of the eyelids |
| Optic Nerve | Bundle of ganglion cell axons that carries visual information to the brain |
| Extraocular Muscles | Muscles that control movement of the eyeball |
| Optic Disk | Area where the optic nerve exits the retina and contains no photoreceptors |
| Blind Spot | Area of vision loss caused by the optic disk |
| Macula | Area of the retina responsible for central vision |
| Fovea | Small pit in the retina with the highest density of cones and sharpest vision |
| Aqueous Humor | Clear fluid that nourishes the cornea |
| Vitreous Humor | Jelly-like substance that maintains the spherical shape of the eye |
| Lens | Transparent structure that focuses light onto the retina |
| Ciliary Muscle | Muscle that changes the shape of the lens |
| Zonule Fibers | Ligaments connecting the lens to the ciliary muscles |
| Refraction | Bending of light as it passes through the cornea and lens |
| Accommodation | Change in lens shape to focus on objects at different distances |
| Presbyopia | Age-related loss of lens flexibility causing difficulty focusing on near objects |
| Pupillary Light Reflex | Automatic adjustment of pupil size in response to light levels |
| Visual Field | Entire area the retina can see when the eye looks straight ahead |
| Visual Angle | Size of an image projected onto the retina |
| Visual Acuity | Sharpness or clarity of vision |
| Snellen Chart | Eye chart used to measure visual acuity using letters |
| Landolt C Chart | Vision test using a C-shaped ring to measure acuity |
| Retina | Neural tissue at the back of the eye that detects light and converts it into neural signals |
| Photoreceptors | Cells that detect light and convert it into neural signals |
| Bipolar Cells | Cells that transmit signals from photoreceptors to ganglion cells |
| Ganglion Cells | Output neurons of the retina whose axons form the optic nerve |
| Horizontal Cells | Cells that connect photoreceptors and help process contrast |
| Amacrine Cells | Cells that connect bipolar and ganglion cells and assist in motion detection |
| Lateral Inhibition | Process where neurons suppress neighboring neurons to enhance contrast and edges |
| Rods | Photoreceptors specialized for night vision, motion detection, and peripheral vision |
| Cones | Photoreceptors responsible for color vision and high visual acuity |
| Scotopic Vision | Vision in low light conditions using rods |
| Photopic Vision | Vision in bright light using cones |
| Population Coding | Color perception based on comparing signals from different cones |
| Phototransduction | Conversion of light into electrical signals in photoreceptors |
| Rhodopsin | Light-sensitive pigment found in rods |
| Opsins | Light-sensitive proteins in cones tuned to red, green, or blue wavelengths |
| Hyperpolarization | Decrease in membrane potential that occurs in photoreceptors when light is detected |
| ON Bipolar Cells | Bipolar cells that depolarize when light increases |
| OFF Bipolar Cells | Bipolar cells that depolarize when light decreases or darkness occurs |
| Receptive Field | Area of the retina that influences the activity of a neuron |
| Center Region | Area receiving direct input from a photoreceptor |
| Surround Region | Area receiving indirect input through horizontal cells |
| Magnocellular Cells | Ganglion cells with large receptive fields that detect motion and low contrast |
| Parvocellular Cells | Ganglion cells with small receptive fields that detect fine detail and color |
| Lateral Geniculate Nucleus | Thalamic relay center that processes visual information from the retina |
| Primary Visual Cortex | First cortical area that processes visual information in the occipital lobe |
| Ventral Stream | Visual pathway responsible for object recognition and color processing |
| Dorsal Stream | Visual pathway responsible for spatial location and motion processing |
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