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Biodiversity Test 3
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Phycoerythrin | red accessory photosynthetic pigment |
| Rhodophyta | red algae |
| Chlorophyta | green algea |
| sporopollenin | tough coat that prevents drying out |
| gametangia | complet, multicellular structures that produce gametes |
| sporangia | sack like structures under fronds that produce spores, found in sori clusters |
| Embryophyta | plants that evolved to retain an embryo, have specialized cells to contact parent cells and transfer nutrients |
| Cuticle | Cuticle waxy, watertight sealant that covers the aboveground parts of the plant and gives them the ability to survive in dry environments |
| protonema | the early, juvenile stage of a moss (and some liverworts) that grows directly from a germinating spore |
| charophytes | a type of freshwater green algae (phylum Charophyta) often called "stoneworts". They are the closest living relatives to land plants, lack roots/leaves |
| rhizoids | structures used to anchor to soil, socks, tree bark |
| peat | a dark, soil-like material formed from partially decayed plants, such as mosses and sedges, that accumulate in waterlogged, acidic areas known as bogs or mires |
| gemmae | grow into independent gametophytes and are knocked off plant by water droplets to allow asexual reproduction |
| antheridium | sperm producing structure |
| archegonium | egg producing structure |
| sori | clusters on underside of ferns that produce sporangia |
| fiddlehead | young fronds (ferns), often used as food |
| thallus | the simple, body-like structure of lower plants and fungi—such as algae, lichens, and liverworts—that is not divided into true roots, stems, or leaves |
| coal | carbon-rich rock packed with fossil spores, branches, leaves, and tree trunks |
| stomata | microscopic, mouth-like pores found mainly on the underside of plant leaves. They open and close to manage gas exchange—letting in carbon dioxide for photosynthesis and releasing oxygen—while controlling water loss (transpiration) |
| homospory | a reproductive process in plants where only one type of spore is produced. These spores are all the same size and shape |
| heterospory | synapomorphy of all seed bearing plants, the production of two different sizes and sexes of spores by a plant: small microspores (male) and large megaspores (female) |
| secondary cell wall | a thick, rigid inner layer formed by certain plant cells (like wood) after they stop growing. Located between the primary wall and plasma membrane, it is strengthened with lignin to provide structural support, waterproofing, and strength to the plant |
| pollen | a fine, powdery substance produced by the male part of flowers and cones |
| guard cells | specialized cells that boarder pores and cause the pores of a stomata to open and close based on changing shape |
| lignin | structural polymer built from six-carbon rings of phenol found in vascular tissue of water conducting cells to allow upright growth (wood) |
| Archaefructus | one of the earliest known flowering plants (angiosperms), dating back to approximately 125 million years ago in the Early Cretaceous period. Discovered in China, this herbaceous, water-dwelling plant lacked petals and sepals, instead bearing seeds on an e |
| capsule | a dry, seed-holding pod that splits open on its own to release seeds when it is fully ripe |
| operculum | a lid-like cover or cap that protects a plant part and eventually falls off to let out seeds, spores, or to allow flowers to open. |
| tracheids | long, thin, tapering, water conducting cells that aided the upright growth of plants |
| vessel elements | most specialized type of water-conducting cell, shorter and wider than tracheids, and have gaps on both ends. These characteristics reduce resistance and makes water movement extremely efficient |
| carpel | protective structure where seeds develop in flowering plants (angiosperms) |
| xylem | a vascular tissue in plants that acts like a plumbing system, carrying water and dissolved minerals upward from the roots to the stems and leaves. It provides structural support to the plant and is largely made of dead, hollow tubular cells. |
| Pinophyta | a group of cone-bearing, woody seed plants, mostly featuring evergreen needles and specialized cones for reproduction |
| pollen grain | what results from the microspore germinating from a male gametophyte that is surrouned by a tough coat of sporopollenin (from heterosporous sed plants) |
| seed | an embryo and a store of nutritive tissue, surrounded by a tough protective layer |
Created by:
amulchin