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genetics final
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Define epigenetics. | Changes in organisms caused by modification of gene expression (NO alteration to genetic code) |
| Define epistasis. | Interaction of genes that are not alleles, when a gene at one locus masks or suppresses the effects of a gene at a different locus. (ex a recessive gene for baldness will render genes for hair color moot...) |
| Brindle coats in dogs are a recessive trait. What type of crosses would you carry out to determine whether the brindle genes in bulldogs and chihuahuas are at the same locus? | Take homozygous recessive bulldog and chihuahua and cross them. If the trait is on the same locus, the offspring will have brindle coats. If wild type shows up, then they're not on the same locus. |
| To get yellow and brown puppies, a breeder crossed yellow and brown dogs, but got black puppies. Knowing that B=black b=brown, and E=color e=no color (yellow), why did this happen? | The yellow parent must have had a dominant B hidden by a recessive ee. Brown parent had a functioning E, which would dominate in the cross, and the dominant B for black would show in the puppies. |
| What is complementation? | The production of a wild-type phenotype when 2 recessive mutant alleles are united in the same cell |
| What does a complementation test do? | Determines whether two different mutations are to the same locus (allele) or at different loci (nonallelic) |
| How does one do a complementation test? | Cross two individuals that are homozygous for 2 independently derived mutations, creating F1 heterozygous gen. If the mutations are at the same locus, F1 will have mutant phenotype. If they're at different loci, F1 will have the wild type phenotype. |
| If two genes are linked (on the same chromosome and inherited tgoether), what will a dihybrid cross between them look like? | Since certain genes have to be linked together, independent assortment doesn't happen, and there aren't 16 options. Instead, there's a different ratio based on that (ex AB, ab x AB, ab) |
| Does recombination happen between chromatids or chromosomes? In which phase does it happen? | It happens between chromatids during prophase I of meiosis (via crossing over) |
| What is a map unit? | It measures the distance between genes based on frequency of recombination (closer = lower recombination frequency). 1% recombination = 1 map unit |
| How does one do a 3 point cross to map the distance between genes? | 1.) Identify double, single, and non-crossing over (lowest to highest). 2.) Calculate % for each. 3.) Find middle gene in the DCO. 4.) Find where they have recomb'd in SCO; add to DCO (for a to b, and b to c) OR to get a to c, add SCO + SCO + 2(DCO) |
| Looking at a complementation table, what do the + and - represent? | + means complementing (on different genes); - means on the same gene. Look for the "-" on the complementation table to determine how many separate genes there are. |
| What are two ways of fine-tuning gene expression after transcription? | Alternative splicing and RNA degradation |
| What is alternative splicing? | It's a way to create different possible proteins from a single gene by splicing it differently and encoding different isoforms. Example: making different types of feathers from the same basic structural code for feathers. |
| What is the difference between prokaryote and eukaryote gene regulation? | Prokaryotes use operons which respond directly to the environment. Eukaryotes rely heavily on RNA processing and stability, which is all part of a complex regulatory network. |
| What is RNA degradation? Where does it occur? | It occurs in the cytoplasm. The poly A tail and 5' cap are removed, and then pieces are chopped off |
| What is the difference between ATAC-seq and RNA-seq? Where do peaks occur for each when looking at a graph? | ATAC-seq tells us areas of open chromatin; peaks occur at regulatory regions upstream of gene. RNA-seq tells us gene expression and occurs at the expressed gene. |
| What does "totipotent" mean? | "totipotent" means that it can become different cell types |
| What are hox genes? (aka homeobox genes) | Patterns in genetics that occur across species. A developmental toolkit that is conserved across species |
| What is 'visible polymorphism'? | Genetic variation in nature-- like how butterflies of the same species can have patterns that look different |
| What is the purpose of the Hardy-Weinberg Equlibrium? What assumptions need to be made for it to be true? | HWE helps us model evolution. It is the null assumption (expected numbers) of allele and genotype frequencies in the absence of evolution. It assumes no mutations, no preferred selection, no gene flow out/in, infinite population, and that mating is random |
| What are the equations for the Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium? | A1A2 = p^2 ; A1A2 = pq and A2A1 = qp (aka those two together = 2pq); and A2A2 = q^2. [where p = freq of A1 allele, q = freq of A2 allele, and p+q=1] |
| How does one test for the Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium? | 1.) Estimate allele freq for p and q. Ex. p=[A1A1+0.5(A1A2)]/N, and same for q except with A2. 2.) Calculate expected p and q. A1A1=N(p^2); A1A2=N(2pq); A2A2=N(q^2) 3.) chi square |
| What is phenotypic plasticity? | The ability of organisms to change their form in response to the environment without changing genes. Same genotype, different forms. |
| What is the breeder's equation? | R=s*h2; where h2=heritability, s= selection differential, and R=evolutionary response (larger number means the genetics are responding to the breeding more quickly) |
| What are the differences between methylation and acetylation? | Methylation adds a methyl group to bases, inhibiting TF binding and closing chromatin for less expression. Acetylation causes increased expression and relaxes the chromatin. |
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clownestate