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Chapter 10
Learners with communication disorders
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Communication | The process of sharing information |
| Communicative Functions | Acts of communication such as requesting, rejecting, commenting, arguing, and reasoning. |
| Communication disorder | Impairments in the ability to use speech or language to communicate. |
| Language | An arbitrary code or system if symbols to communicate meaning. |
| Receptive Language | Decoding or understanding messages in communication. |
| Speech | The formation and sequencing of oral language sounds during communication. |
| Augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) | Alternative forms of communication that do not use the oral sounds of speech or that augment the use of speech. |
| Speech disorders | Oral communication that involves abnormal use of the vocal apparatus, is unintelligible or is so inferior that it draws attention to itself and causes anxiety, feelings of inadequacy or inappropriate behavior in the speaker. |
| Language disorders | Oral communication that involves a lag in the ability to understand and express ideas, putting linguistic skill behind an individual's development in other areas such as motor cognitive, and social development. |
| Phonology | The study of how individual sounds make up words. |
| Morphology | The study within psycholinguistic of word formation, how adding or deleting parts of words changes their meaning. |
| Syntax | The way words are joined together to structure meaningful sentences, grammar. |
| Semantics | The study of the meaning attached to words and sentences. |
| Pragmatics | The study within psycholinguistics of how people use language in social situations emphasizes the functional use of language rather than mechanics. |
| Dialects | Variation of a language that differs from the standard language based on phonology vocabulary or grammar dialects may be distinct to members of a particular group. |
| Expressive language | Encoding or sending messages in communication. |
| Primary language disorder | A language disorder that has no know cause. |
| Secondary language disorder | A language disorder that is caused by another disorder or disability, such as intellectual disability, hearing impairment, or brain injury. |
| Specific language impairment (SLI) | A language disorder with no identifiable cause. |
| Developmental language disorder (DLD) | A neurodevelopmental in language disorder that has no identifiable cause it is unexpected and unexplained by physical or cognitive factors. |
| Early Expressive Language delay (EELD) | A significant lag in the development of expressive language that is apparent by age 2. |
| Language-based reading impairment | A reading problem that is based on a language problem |
| Phonological awareness | The ability to understand that speech flow can be broken into smaller sound units such as words, syllables, and phonemes; lack of such awareness is generally thought to be the reason for the reading problems of many students with learning disabilities. |
| Aphonia | Loss of voice |
| Resonance | The quality of the sound imparted by the size, shape, and texture of the organs in the vocal tract. |
| Cleft Palate | A condition in which there is a rift or split in the upper part of the oral cavity may include the upper lip. |
| Dysfluencies | Hesitations repetitions in other disruptions of normal speech flow. |
| Stuttering | Speech characterized by abnormal hesitations, prolongations, and repetitions. may be accompanied by grimaces, gestures, or other bodily movements indicative of a struggle to speak, anxiety blocking of speech, or avoidance of speech. |
| Dysarthria | A condition in which brain damage causes impaired control of the muscles used in articulation. |
| Apraxia | The inability to plan and coordinate speech. |
| Developmental apraxia | A disorder of speech or language involving problems in motor planning such that the child has difficulty in producing speech sounds in organizing words and word sounds for effective communication the cause may be unknown. |
| Acquired apraxia | As in developmental apraxia there are problems in motor planning such that the child has difficulty in producing speech sounds and organizing words and word sounds for effective communication. |
| Decoding | The ability to convert print to spoken language dependent on phonemic awareness and understanding of the alphabetic principals a significant problem for many people with reading disabilities. |
| Dynamic assessments | An interactive assessment process that involves on going analysis of student learning in response to an intervention. |
| Curriculum-based language and communication assessment (CBLA) | Curriculum-based assessment that focuses on speech language and communication skills needed to learn the school curriculum. |
| Prelinguistic communication | Communication through gestures and noises before the child has learned oral communication. |
| Milieu Teaching | A naturalistic approach to language intervention in which the goal is to teach functional language skills in a natural environment. |
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