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Special Senses
Practical test A&P
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Why are special senses special? | They're centralized, only found in specific regions. Eyes, ears, vision, hearing, taste, smell, equilibrium, etc. |
| What is the difference between taste buds and papillae of tongue? | Papillae are the raised bumps on the tongue. With the exception of filiform papillae, each raised bump contains a taste bud, responsible for gustation. |
| Visual Acuteness | Refers to the ability to see the same as a normal person at 20 feet. The Snellen test is used to determine this. Based on fractions of 20 feet increments. |
| Astigmatism | Improper curvature (flat spots) on the cornea or lens of the eye. |
| Sex-linked | Refers to characteristics or traits influenced by genes carried on the sex chromosomes. More often in men than women, as X chromosomes most affected by having more genes than the Y chromosome. |
| Accommodation | The eye constricting or relaxing to see objects closer in focus. Changing the eye shape to see objects farther away or closer. Like a camera lens. |
| Blind spot | AKA optic disc. Small area of the visual field in which no photoreceptors are present. Corresponds to the point optic nerve leaves retina and therefore cannot detect light. |
| Conduction deafness vs Sensorineural deafness | Conduction deafness is normally in the outer or middle ear. Caused by blockages from inflammation, ear wax, etc, keeping sound from reaching inner ear. Sensorineural deafness is caused by damage to the inner ear or auditory nerve. |
| Dynamic vs static equilibrium | Static equilibrium is a system at a state of rest. System is unchanging and has no net movement. Dynamic equilibrium is rates of opposing processes being equal, stable environment despite fluctuations. Keeping homeostasis despite change externally around. |
| Gustation | Tasting |
| Gustation corresponds to what receptors? | Chemoreceptors |
| Olfaction | Smelling |
| Olfaction corresponds to what receptors? | Chemoreceptors |
| Vision corresponds to what receptors? | Photoreceptors |
| Auditory corresponds to what receptors? | Mechanoreceptors |
| Equilibrium corresponds to what receptors? | Mechanoreceptors |
| What is dissolving? Where does sugar go in water? | Sugar is the solute, water the solvent. Being polar, hydrogen and O2 ions bond with pieces of sugar, coating them in small sheaths to prevent them from interacting with each other. Sugar spreads out evenly in the water, creating a homogenous solution. |
| Mechanoreceptors | Mechanoreceptors are sensory receptors that respond to mechanical pressure or distortion |
| Photoreceptors | Photoreceptors are light-sensitive cells located in the retina, the tissue at the back of the eye, and are essential for vision because they transform light into signals the brain can interpret. |
| Chemoreceptors | Chemoreceptors are specialized sensory cells that detect chemical changes in the body or environment and convert them into signals for the nervous system to regulate physiological processes. Such as olfaction and gustation. |
| Four tastes | Sweet, sour, salty, and bitter. Umami also one but not needed for this test. |
| olfactory bulb | Bulb off of brain for olfaction. (smell) |
| Cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone | Plate of the ethmoid bone below olfactory bulb, where nerves pass through for smell. |
| olfactory epithelium | The olfactory epithelium is a type of pseudostratified columnar epithelium located in the upper part of the nasal cavity, specifically on the roof, about 7 cm above and behind the nostrils. |
| olfactory receptor cells | Olfactory receptor cells, AKA olfactory sensory neurons, are located in the olfactory epithelium. Each ORC is a bipolar neuron with a single dendrite extending to the epithelial surface and a single axon projecting to the olfactory bulb in the brain. |
| what do olfactory receptor cells do? | Olfactory receptor cells are specialized sensory neurons that detect odor molecules and transmit this information directly to the brain. |
| nasal cavity | The nasal cavity is a hollow, air-filled space within the nose that filters, warms, and humidifies air while housing olfactory receptors for the sense of smell. |
| Nasal conchae. | AKA turbinates. Nasal conchae are scroll-shaped bony shelves in the nasal cavity that increase surface area to warm, humidify, and filter inhaled air. Superior, middle, and inferior. |
| Nares | (Nostril) |
| why do odors disappear as we get used to them? | Our brains become less responsive to a constant smell over time, reducing the signaling to the olfactory receptors. Olfactory neurons in the nose become desensitized to repeated odorant stimuli, decrease rate of firing of the neurons. |
| Cornea | outside of eye, connected to the sclera (white part) |
| Conjunctiva | Thin layer over the sclera and cornea that connects to the inside of the eyelid. |
| Sclera | white layer around cornea |
| Extrinsic eye muscles | Muscles on sides, top, and bottom of eye. |
| Optic nerve | nerve leaving back of eye to the brain. |
| Aqueous humor | fluid inside the eye |
| Vitreous humor | gel inside eye |
| Lens | Hard glass aquarium rock looking thing. |
| Suspensory ligaments | around lens, help move and support it. |
| ciliary body | Looks like underside of a mushroom |
| Iris | Purple feathery muscle below lens, changes how big the pupil is. Surrounded by the ciliary body. Surrounding the pupil |
| pupil | hole surrounded by iris in which light passes through to lens. |
| retina | tan layer containing rods and cones. |
| Choroid coat | black layer below retina. Colorful shiny area not part of this, or the test. Called Tapetum lucidum, humans don't have one. Only choroid coat. |
| optic nerve/blind spot | Point where optic nerve attaches, no cones here. |
| 20/20 vision | The baseline, fraction to understand visual acuteness. If someone has 20/200 vision, someone with 20/20 vision could read what they see from 200 feet away. |
| Color-blindness | sex-linked deficiencies in the color receptors (cones) of the eye. |
| presbyopia | inability to accommodate due to the loss of elasticity of lens. |
| why don't we see the blind spots in our vision? | We have two eyes, and the brain uses the two inputs to fill in the gaps. |
| Auricle | Top rim of outer ear |
| External Auditory Canal | Outer meatus into the outer canal |
| Tympanic Membrane | The ear drum |
| Malleus | First Ossicle, hammer that touches ear drum, going to the incus |
| Incus | Second Ossicle, anvil hammer touches to push the stapes |
| Stapes | Third Ossicle, pushed by Incus into the oval window |
| Round window | AKA, fenestra cochleae, is located in the inner ear, specifically at the base of the cochlea. It is one of two openings connecting the middle ear to the inner ear, the other being the oval window. Look on top where you take out inner ear in model. |
| Auditory Tube AKA Eustachian Tube | Tube that is straight in children, drains down in adults to throat |
| Tensor Tympani Muscle | This muscle contracts to muffle sound from chewing, etc. It can't react fast enough to avoid hearing loss, however. Connects to the Malleus and runs along above the bony part above the auditory tube. |
| Oval Window | This is where the stirrups attach, (The stapes) to produce vibrations to reach the cochlea |
| vestibule | The vestibule is the central part of the inner ear that connects the cochlea and semicircular canals and contains the utricle and saccule, which help maintain balance. |
| cochlea | Fluid filled snail looking thing responsible for turning vibrations into electrical impulses to send to the brain to interpret as sound |
| Semicircular canals | Semicircular canals are three fluid-filled loops in the inner ear that detect rotational movements of the head and help maintain balance. Like a level |
| Vestibulocochlear nerve. Nerve #8 | The vestibulocochlear nerve, also known as cranial nerve VIII (CN VIII), is responsible for transmitting sound and balance information from the inner ear to the brain. |
Created by:
JoshuaB5