Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
GEOL exam 3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is relative age? | Whether a rock or event is older or younger than another, but it does not give an exact numerical age. |
| What are the six principles of stratigraphy? | Original Horizontality Superposition Lateral Continuity Cross-Cutting Relationships Inclusions Fossil (Faunal & Floral) Succession |
| What is the Principle of Original Horizontality? | Sediments are originally deposited in horizontal layers. If layers are tilted or folded, deformation happened after deposition. |
| What is the Principle of Superposition? | In undisturbed sedimentary layers: Oldest rocks are on the bottom Youngest rocks are on the top |
| What is the Principle of Lateral Continuity? | Sedimentary layers extend horizontally until they thin out or reach the edge of their depositional basin. |
| What is the Principle of Cross-Cutting Relationships? | If a fault or igneous intrusion cuts through rock layers, the feature doing the cutting is younger than the rock layers. |
| What are inclusions? | Fragments of older rock that become trapped inside a younger rock. |
| What is fossil succession? | Groups of fossils appear in a predictable order through time, allowing scientists to correlate rock layers of the same age. |
| What is stress? | A force applied to rock that can change its shape or volume. |
| What is strain? | The deformation or change in shape of rock caused by stress. |
| What is elastic deformation? | A temporary change in rock shape that returns to normal after stress is removed. |
| What is permanent deformation? | When rocks are stretched past their elastic limit, causing permanent change. |
| What is an anticline? | A fold shaped like an arch where: Rock layers bend upward Oldest rocks are in the center |
| What is a syncline? | A fold shaped like a trough where: Rock layers bend downward Youngest rocks are in the center |
| What are recumbent folds? | Folds with nearly horizontal axial planes caused by intense compression. |
| What is a fault? | A fracture in rock where movement has occurred due to stress. |
| What is the hanging wall? | The block of rock above the fault plane. |
| What is the footwall? | The block of rock below the fault plane. |
| What is a normal fault? | A fault where the hanging wall moves downward relative to the footwall due to tensional stress. Example: Basin and Range Province. |
| What is a reverse fault? | A fault where the hanging wall moves upward relative to the footwall due to compressional stress. |
| What is a thrust fault? | A low-angle reverse fault caused by compression. |
| What is an example of a local fault mentioned in the presentation? | The Bowling Green Fault, located in northwest Ohio, which has been mostly dormant for about 200 million years. |
| What is an unconformity? | A gap in the geologic rock record caused by erosion or non-deposition. |
| What are the three types of unconformities? | Angular unconformity Nonconformity Disconformity |
| What is an angular unconformity? | Horizontal sedimentary rocks are deposited on top of older tilted or folded layers. Example: Hutton’s Unconformity. |
| What is a nonconformity? | Sedimentary rock lies on top of eroded igneous or metamorphic rock. |
| What is a disconformity? | Sedimentary layers remain parallel, but a gap in time exists due to erosion or non-deposition. |
| What did Hutton’s Unconformity demonstrate? | It showed that Earth is much older than previously believed and that geologic processes take extremely long periods of time. |
| What sequence of events created Hutton’s Unconformity? | Horizontal marine sediments deposited Tectonic forces tilt and fold layers Erosion removes rock layers, creating a gap in time New sediments are deposited horizontally Later uplift tilts the entire sequence again |
| What is a conformable sequence? | Continuous sediment deposition with no breaks or erosion. |
| What causes missing rock layers? | Erosion Non-deposition |
| What causes earthquakes? | Sudden movement along faults due to built-up stress in rocks. |
| What is the focus of an earthquake? | The point underground where the earthquake begins. |
| What is the epicenter? | The location on Earth's surface directly above the focus. |
| What are P-waves? | Fastest seismic waves Travel through solids, liquids, and gases |
| What are S-waves? | Slower than P-waves Travel through solids only |
| What are surface waves? | Seismic waves that move along Earth's surface and cause the most damage. |
| Who proposed continental drift? | Alfred Wegener |
| What was Pangaea? | A supercontinent where all continents were once joined together. |
| Who proposed seafloor spreading? | Harry Hess |
| What is seafloor spreading? | New ocean crust forms at mid-ocean ridges and moves outward. |
| What are the three plate boundary types? | Divergent Convergent Transform |
| What happens at divergent boundaries? | Plates move apart, creating rift valleys and mid-ocean ridges. |
| What happens at convergent boundaries? | Plates collide, causing: Subduction Volcanoes Mountains Large earthquakes |
| What happens at transform boundaries? | Plates slide past each other, producing strong earthquakes but no volcanoes. |
| True or False: "whiskers" imply contact metamorphism occurred | True |
| When reading Earth history from the rock record, unconformities are important to recognize because they indicate | time gaps in the rock record |
| Which of the following geologic structures make good petroleum traps? | Reverse faults, anticlines, and normals faults |
| Strike-slip faults are easier to see from the side, in cross-sectional view, versus plan (map/aerial) view. | False |
| What is the primary difference between a reverse and thrust fault? | the angle of the fault fracture |
Created by:
lback21