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nur 221 exam 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| septicemia | infection of the blood |
| osteomyelitis | infection of the bone |
| lymphangitis/lymphedema | inflammation of the lymph vessels |
| endocarditis | inflammation of the heart lining |
| meningitis | inflammation of membranes around brain and spinal cord |
| gangrene & necrotizing fasciitis | tissue death |
| macule | small, flat, circumscribed lesion of a different color than the normal skin |
| papule | small, form, elevated lesion |
| nodule | palpable, elevated lesion; varies in size |
| pustule | elevated, erythematous lesion, usually containing purulent exudate |
| vescicle | elevated, thin-walled lesion containing clear fluid (blister) |
| plaque | large, slightly elevated lesion with flat surface, often topped by scale |
| crust | dry, rough surface or dried exudate or blood |
| lichenification | thick, dry, rough surface (leatherlike) |
| keloid | raised, irregular and increasing mass of collagen resulting from excessive scar tissue formation |
| fissure | small, deep, linear crack or tear in skin |
| ulcer | cavity with loss of tissue from the epidermis and dermis, often weeping or bleeding |
| erosion | shallow, moist cavity in epidermis |
| comedone | mass of sebum, keratin, and debris blocking the opening of a hair follicle |
| contact dermatitis | exposure to an allergen or by direct chemical, type IV cell-mediated hypersensitivity; pruritic area, erythematous, (reddened) area, edematous (swollen) area, small vesicles |
| urticaria (hives) | results from a type hypersensitivity reaction, ingesting certain substances (shellfish, certain fruits or drugs); hard/raisede erythematous lesions, pruritic |
| atopic dermatitis (excema) | chronic inflammation results from the response to allergens;eosinophilia & increases serum IgE levels indicate type I hypersensitivity, |
| atopic dermatitis adults s&s | dry and scaling, lichenification, moist and red skin folds, pruritus |
| atopic dermatitis infants s&s | pruritic lesions, lesions are moist, red, vesicular, crusts |
| psoriasis | chronic inflammatory skin disorder, results from abnormal activation of T cells & increase in cytokines in affected tissues; red patches/silvery scales, dry cracked skin that can bleed, itching, burning, stiff joints |
| pemphigus | autoimmune disorder that comes in 2 forms; pemphigus vulgaris & pemphigus foliaceus, autoantibodies disrupt epidermal cells causing blisters to form9mouth, skin, painful but not pruritic, difficulty breathing from swollen mouth |
| scleroderma | collagen deposition in the arterioles and capillaries reduces blood flow to the skin or internal organs, hard/shiny immovable areas of skin, fingertips narrowed, facial expressions is lost as skin tightens, movement of eyes & mouth can be impaired |
| dupuytrens contracture | slowly developing hand deformity involves the development of knots of tissue under the skin on palms of the hand, tissue pulls the fingers into a bent position |
| cellulitis | infection of the dermis and subcutaneous tissue, usually from a secondary injury, cause: S. aureus, Streptococcus spp; reddened area, edema, pain, red streaks running along the lymph vessels |
| furuncles | boil is a infection, caused by S. aureus, begins in a hair follicle, spreads into surrounding dermis; firm/red lesion, painful nodule turns into abscess--producing purulent exudate (pus) |
| autoinoculation | transfer of microbes from one sit of infection on the body to another site, most likely by fingers |
| impetigo | common in children, highly contagious, results from S. aureus, group A beta-hemolytic streptococci, spread by direct contact; small red vesicles that rapidly enlarge, vesicles rupture to form brown crusty masses, pruritus |
| acute necrotizing fascitis | flesh eating disease-- rapid tissue invasion resulting from reduced blood supply to the tissues; inflamed areas, very painful, infected area rapidly increases in size, dermal gangrene |
| leprosy | Hansen disease, caused by Myobacterium leprae, formation of macule and loss of feeling owing to nerve damage |
| herpes simplex | cold sores (type 1), genital (type 2), may be symptomatic and virus remains in latent state in the sensory nerve ganglion of the trigeminal nerve, can be activated causing the skin lesion; burning or tingling sensation along nerve, painful vesicles |
| verrucae (warts) | caused by HPVs, plantar warts (types 1-4), genital warts (types 6-11), cervcal cancer (types 16 & 18); papule with a rough surface, white or tan in color, can be painful |
| tinea capitis | infection of the scalp; circular bald patch |
| tinea pedis | athletes foo, swimming pools or gymnasiums |
| tinea unguium | infection of the nails, white--brown, thicken & crack |
| tinea corporis | infection of the non-hairy body, pruritic round with clear center (ringworm) |
| scabies | invasion by a mite, Sarcoptes scabiei; burrows appear on the skin as tiny, light brown lines, small vesicles. erythema, inflammation and pruritus |
| pediculosis | lice takes 3 forms, macule or papule forms, highly pruritic |
| keratoses | benign lesions, oval elevation that may be smooth or rough, dark in color |
| squamous cell carcinoma | painless, malignant tumor of epidermis, sun exposure is a major contributing factor, scaly/ slightly elevated, reddish lesion, irregular border around lesion, central ulceration |
| malignant melanoma | highly metastatic, develops in melanocytes (mole), multicolored lesion with irregular border, grows quickly; changes in variation (black or brown lesions) |
| kaposi sarcoma | rare cancer, may affect the viscera as well as the skin, Herpesvirus 8 forms, nonpruritc lesions, Nonpainful, lesions progress to form large, irregular shaped plaques or nodules |
| osteosarcoma | located in shaft of long bones, bone pain at rest, malignant neoplasm, can develop in metaphysic of the femur, tibia, fibula |
| ewing sarcoma | malignant neoplasm, common in adolescents, occurs in the diaphysis of long bones |
| chrondrosarcoma | arises from cartilage cells, common in adults > 30, (pelvic shoulder), pain doesn't develop until late |
| primary fibromyalgia syndrome | group of disorders characterized by pain and stiffness affecting muscles, tendons, and surrounding soft tissue (not joints); generalized aching pain, marked fatigue, sleep disturbances, depression |
| myositis | severe inflammation and subsequent damage of the muscles; difficulty climbing stairs of lifting arms, tired feeling after standing or walking, trouble swallowing or breathing, muscle pain |
| osteoarthritis | degenerative or "wear and tear", articulate cartilage of weight bearing joints damaged and lost through erosion; aching, pain, movement limited, enlargement of joints |
| rheumatoid arthiritis | autoimmune disorders causing chronic systemic inflammatory disease, destroys & erodes cartilage, attacks own; inflammation in fingers or wrists, joints red & swollen, sensitive to touch |
| gout | common in med > 40, deposits of uric acid and urate crystals in the joint causing inflammatory response; swelling go joint, severe pain, redness |
| ankylosing spondylitis | chronic progressive inflammatory condition that affects the sacroiliac joints, intervertebral spaces, and costovertebral joints of the axial skeleton; low back pain, morning stiffness, pain when lying down that radiates to legs, rotation of spine, |
| bursitis | inflammation of the bursae associated with bones, muscles, tendons, and ligaments of various joints |
| synovitis | inflammation of the synovial membrane lining the joint |
| tenditinits | irritation or inflammation of the tendon |
| dislocation | separation of 2 bones at a joint with complete loss of contact between articulating surfaces |
| sprain | physical tear within a ligament |
| strain | physical tear within a tendon |
| first degree muscle tear | usually involves only a small percentage of the muscle, pain is mild |
| second degree muscle tear | a larger tear that involves much of the muscle but stops being short of being complete tear, pain is severe |
| third degree muscle tear | a complete tear across the width of the muscle, muscle unable to contract, internal bleeding |
| the tunica intima | endothelial layer, inner layer |
| the tunica media | layer of smooth muscle that controls the diameter and lumen size of the blood vessel, the middle layer |
| the tunica adventitia | outer connective tissue layer and contains elastic and collagen fibers |
| autoregulation | reflex adjustment in a small area of a tissue or an organ |
| hematocrit | proportion of cells, (erythrocytes) in blood and indicates the viscosity of the blood |
| plasma | clear yellowish fluid remaining after the cells have been removed |
| serum | the fluid and solutes remaining after the cells and fibrinogen have been removed from the plasma |
| hemostasis | the process of stopping bleeding |
| microcytic | small erythocytes |
| hypochloric | cells with low hemoglobin concentration |
| megaloblasts | very large, immature, nucleated erythrocytes with a short line span |
| pancyopenia | systemic reduction in all major blood elements (anemia, leukopenia, an d thrombocytopenia) |
| leukocytosis | increased wbcs (often associated with inflammation and infection) |
| leukopenia | decreased wbcs (associated with viral infections, radiation, chemotherapy) |
| anemia | hemoglobin deficit leads directly to a reduction in systemic oxygen transport |
| iron deficiency anemia | decreased dietary intake, malabsorption, chronic blood loss (bleeding, ulcers, menstruation) |
| pernicious anemia | B12 deficiency, megaloblastic anemia; deficit of intrinsic factor required for intestinal B12 absorption (secreted by gastric mucosa) |
| aplastic anemia | production failure; impairment of failure of bone marrow leading to pancytopenia |
| hemolytic anemia | excessive destruction; abcs destroyed faster than replaced |
| sickle cell crisis | shape of rbc changes from a disc shape to a crescent or "sickle" shape |
| leukemia | group of wbcs neoplastic disorders, uncontrolled production of wbcs in bone barrow & lymph nodes |
| s&s of sickle cell | severa anemia, pallor, weakness, tachycardia, hyperbilirbinemia, jaundice, splenomegaly (enlargement of spleen), vascular occlusions & infarctions, chf, infections |
| thalassemia | anemia from a genetic defect in which one or more genes for hemoglobin are missing or variant, interferes with the production of the global chains; growth delayed, impairs normal skeletal development, heart failure |
| hemophilia A | deficit or abnormality of clotting factor VIII, most common inherited clotting disorder, manifest in men but carried by women, who are asymptomatic |
| hemophilia B | christmas disease, involves a deficit of factor IX |
| hemophilia C | rosenthal hemophilia, milder form resulting from a decrease in factor XI |
| s&s of hemophilia | prolonged hemorrhage, persistent oozing of bleeding, hemarthrosis, hematuria |
| disseminated intravascular coagulation | dic life threatening that involves both excessive bleeding and clotting, complication of numerous primary problems; low plasma fibrinogen level, thrombocytopenia, prolonged PT/APTT time, multiple bleeding sits, ecchymoses, respiratory impairment |
| thrombophilia | group of inherited acquired disorders that increase the risk of developing abnormal clots in the veins or arteries |
| arteriosclerosis | degenerative changes in small arteries & arterioles, loss of elasticity, lumen gradually narrows, causing BP to increase |
| atherosclerosis | presence of atheroma, plaques consisting of lipids, cells, fibrin, and cell debris, leads to total occlusion causing MI, CVA, aneurysms |
| peripheral vascular disease | atheroschleorotic disease in arteries outside the heart (commonly abdominal aorta, demoralized & iliac arteries), heavily with diabetes |
| s&s pvd | intermittent claudication, tingling, burns, numbness, pallor, cyanosis when elevated, dry & hairless, toenails (thick & hard), peripheral pulses (weak & absent) |
| aortic aneurysms | localized dilation & weakening of an arterial well, caused by atherosclerosis, trauma, cogtinental defects |
| fusiform | circumferential symmetrical dilation along a section of the artery |
| saceular | localized, bulging wall heavily distended on one side, often forming a thrombus inside |
| dissecting | catastrophic tear in intima of wall, where high pressure blood flows between layers of the artery wall |
| varicose veins (venous incompetence) | varoscites, irregular dilated & tortuous areas of superficial of deep veins |
| thrombophlebitis | develops in already inflamed vein (IV site); aching, burning, tenderness, leukocytosis |
| phlebothrombosis | thrombus forms spontaneously w/o prior inflammation, caused by- stasis if blood, endothelial injury, increased coagulability; |
| lymphatic function: | fluid return, immune response, lipid absorption |
| fluid in lymphatic system: | clear, watery, isotonic fluid circulating in the vessels |
| lymphomas | malignant neoplasms involving lymphocyte proliferation |
| hodgkins lymphoma | begins in a single lymph node & spreads in an organized fashions, detective T lymphocytes & decreased lymphocyte count; presence of reed-stern berg cells |
| nonhodgkins lymphoma | partially caused by HIV infection, enlarged/ painless lymph node, non organized with widespread metastasis; lacks reed-stern berg calls, more difficult to treat |
| lymphadenopathy | inflammation/infection of the nodes caused by bacteria, viruses or severe cancer: colds, aids, toxoplasmosis |
| cattleman's disease | rare, overgrowth of lymphoid tissues 2 forms: unicentric & multi centric |
| multiple myeloma | neoplastic disease causing increased production of plasma cells within bone marrow, usually well advanced, prognosis poor (3 year survival) |
| systemic obstructions | lymphedema, elephantiasis |
| lymphedema | obstruction of lymphatic vessels, severe extreme swelling-- localized lymph fluid accumulation |
| elephantiasis | specific, extreme form of lymphedema, caused by parasitic infection blocking the vessels, extreme swelling, thickening of subcateneous tissue, frequent infections, skins ulcerations & fever |
| cardiac output | heart rate x stroke volume |
| blood pressure | cardiac output x systemic vascular resistance |
| cellular necrosis | releases specific resume enzymes into the bloodstream CPK-MB spikes within first 24 hours post-infarction |
| myocardial ischemia (exertion) | decreased o2 supply cannot meet the demand resulting in classic angina pain |
| severe ischemia | decreased o2 supply fails too meet even basic needs, resulting in rest pain |
| myocardial infarction | thrombus causing total obstruction of artery surrounding by irreversible necrosis/ infarction & inflammation |
| pericardial efflusion | restricts myocardial expansion; fluid buildup, restricted filling, systemic backup, pulmonary restriction, dropping output |
| heart failure | preload & after load, unable to pump sufficient blood to meet metabolic needs of body |
| heart failure preload | pressure from the volume of blood in the ventricles at the end of diastole |
| heart failure afterload | the resistance the left ventricle must overcome to eject & circualte blood |
| heart failure left sided | creates pulmonary congestion, drowning--cant lay flat |
| heart failure left side s&s | fatigue, weakness, dyspnea, exercise intolerance, cold, orthopnea cough (white-pink sputum), crackles, tachypnea, sob, hemopytis, rales, |
| heart failure right sided | drives systemic edema |
| heart failure right side s&s | fatigue, weakness, exercise & cold intolerance, dependent edema, hepoatomegally, splenomegaly, ascites, flushed face, distended neck veins, headache, often secondary to copd |
| hypovolemic | loss of blood or plasma (hemorrhage, burns, dehydration, peritonitis) |
| cardiogenic | decrease pumping capability of heart (left ventricle, MI, cardiac arrhythmia, pulmonary embolus) |
| upper respiratory tract | the filter; nasal cavity, nasopharynx, phalantine tonsils |
| lower respiratory tract | the sterile exchange; trachea, primary/secondary bronchi, bronchioles, alveolar ducts |
| lobar pneumonia | cause: Streptococcus, localized to 1 02 2 lobes; sudden, acute onset, increased fever,r chills, rusty sputum |
| bronchi pneumonia | cause: multiple bacteria, diffuse scattered small patches in both lungs; insidious onset, mild fever, productive cough with yellow/green sputum |
| primary pneumonia | cause: influenza, mycoplasma, scattered small patches; variable onset, non productive hacking cough, aching muscles |
| TB tuberculosis | cause: Mycobacterium tuberculosis, affects the lungs, can survive in the dried sputum for weeks; anorexia, malaise, fatigue, wt loss, low grade fever, night sweats, prolonged cough, purulent sputum (blood) |
| TB drugs | rifampin, inh, pyrizinamide, ethambutil, streptomycin |
| DOT direct observational therapy | hcp observes administration of TB meds |
| cystic fibrosis | systemic secretory dysfunction, autosomal recessive disorder (chromsome 7) causing exocrine gland dysfunction; glands produce excessive thick, sticky mucus |
| asthma | hyper responsive airway, acute or chronic, severe bronchial obstruction, can lead to irreversible damage; edema, mucus plug, bronchospasm, obstructed bronchiole |
| the copd umbrella | emphysema, chronic bronchitis, asthma |
| emphysema | alveolar destruction, loss of elasticity; some coughing, dyspnea, sputum is little, PINK PUFFER |
| chronic bronchitis | bronchi, increased mucous glands, constant inflammation; early/constant cough, large purulent mucous, BLUE BLOATER |
| pneumothorax closed | spontaneous tear on lung surface, air enters from inside the lungs, leak seals as lung collapse, 1 lung impaired |
| pneumothorax open | puncture wound through chest walls, air enters form outside with inspiration--leaves with expiration, unaffected lung compressed by mediastinal shift |
| pneumothorax tension | tear in lung or chest wall, creates 1 way flop valve, air enters & can't leave, rapidly increase pressure causes severe mediastinal shift, shock/distended neck veins, severe hypoxia |
| pulmonary embolism | blood clot or mass obstructing the pulmonary artery |
| small emboli | often 'silent' or transient |
| moderate emboli | respiratory distress, sob, chest pain, pulmonary infarction |
| large emboli | decrease blood return to the left ventricle, plummeting cardiac output sudden shock & cardiac arrest |
Created by:
miamaruki