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ap human geo
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Development | A process of improvement in the conditions of people through diffusion of knowledge and technology |
| Developed Country | A country that has progressed relatively far along a continuum of development |
| Developing Country | A country that is at a relatively early stage in the process of development |
| Human Development Index (HDI) | An indicator constructed by the UN to measure the level of development for a country through a combination of income, education, and life expectancy |
| Gross National Income (GNI) | The value of the output of goods and services produced in a country in a year, including money that leaves and enters the country |
| Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) | The amount of money needed in one country to purchase the same goods and services in another country |
| Productivity | The value of a particular product compared to the amount of labor needed to make it |
| Primary Sector | The portion of the economy concerned with the direct extraction of materials from Earth, generally through agriculture |
| Secondary Sector | The portion of the economy concerned with manufacturing useful products through processing, transforming, and assembling raw materials |
| Tertiary Sector | The portion of the economy concerned with transportation, communications, and utilities, sometimes extended to the provision of all goods and services to people in exchange for payment |
| Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI) | A modification of the HDI to account for inequality |
| World-Systems Theory | Theory developed by Immanuel Wallerstein that in an increasingly unified world economy developed countries form an inner core area whereas developing countries are found on the periphery and semi-periphery |
| Gender Inequality Index (GII) | An indicator constructed by the UN to measure the extent of each country’s gender inequality in terms of reproductive health, empowerment, and the labor market |
| Gender Development Index (GDI) | An indicator constructed by the UN to measure the gender gap in the level of achievement in terms of income, education, and life expectancy |
| Self-Sufficiency Path | To promote development, countries employ this model which encourage domestic production of goods, discourage foreign ownership and protect their businesses from international competition |
| International Trade Path | To promote development, countries employ this model which open themselves to foreign investment and international markets |
| Sustainable Development Goals | Seventeen goals adopted by the UN in 2015 to reduce disparities between developed and developing countries by 2030 |
| Fair Trade | A variation of international trade that provides greater equity to workers, small businesses, and consumers |
| Cottage Industry | Manufacturing based in homes rather than in factories, most common prior to the Industrial Revolution |
| Site Factors | Location factors related to the costs of factors of production inside a plant, such as land, labor, and capital |
| Labor-Intensive Industry | An industry for which labor costs comprise a high percentage of total expenses |
| Fordist Production | A form of mass production in which each worker is assigned one specific task to perform repeatedly |
| Post-Fordist Production | Adoption by companies of flexible work rules, such as the allocation of workers to teams that perform a variety of tasks |
| Situation Factors | Location factors related to the transportation of materials into and from a factory |
| Bulk-Reducing Industry | An industry in which the final product weighs less or comprises a lower volume than the inputs |
| Bulk-Gaining Industry | An industry in which the final product weighs more or comprises a greater volume than the inputs |
| Break-of-Bulk Point | A location where transfer is possible from one mode of transportation to another |
| Supply | The quantity of something that producers have available for sale |
| Demand | The quantity of something that people wish to consume and are able to buy |
| Animate Power | Power supplied by animals or by people |
| Fossil Fuel | An energy source formed from the residue of plants and animals buried millions of years ago |
| Nonrenewable Energy Resources | A source of energy that has a finite supply capable of being exhausted |
| Proven Reserve | The amount of a resource remaining in discovered deposits |
| Potential Reserve | The amount of a resource in deposits not yet identified but thought to exist |
| Renewable Energy | A source of energy that has a theoretically unlimited supply and is not depleted when used by people |
| Pollution | Concentration of waste added to air, water, or land at a greater level than occurs in the average air, water , or land |
| Air Pollution | Concentration of trace substances, such as carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons, and solid particulates, at a greater level than occurs in average air |
| Point-Source Pollution | Pollution that enters a body of water from a specific source |
| Nonpoint-Source Pollution | Pollution that originates from a large, diffused area |
| Recycling | The separation, collection, processing, marketing, and reuse of unwanted material |
| Outsourcing | A decision by a corporation to turn over much of the responsibility for production to independent suppliers |
| Vertical Integration | An approach typical of traditional mass production in which a company controls all phases of a highly complex production process |
| Maquiladoras | A factory built by a US company in Mexico near the US border, to take advantage of the much lower labor costs in Mexico |
| BRIC Countries | Much of the words future manufacturing is expected to cluster in the countries of Brazil, Russia, India, and China – they are known as the |
| Right-to-Work Law | A US law that prevents a union and a company from negotiating a contract that requires workers to join the union as a condition of employment |
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