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Chapter 12
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| legally blind | has visual acuity of 20/200 or less in the better eye even with correction or has a field vision so narrow that its widest diameter subtends an angular distance no greater than 20 degrees |
| cornea | transparent cover in front of the iris and pupil ( performs the major part of bending of light rays to that the image will be focused |
| aqueous humor | a watery substance between the cornea and lens of the eye |
| pupil | the contractile opening in the middle of iris, the colored portion of the eye that contracts or expands, depending on the amount of light striking it |
| lens | which refines and changes the focus of the light rays before they pass through the vitreous humor |
| vitreous humor | a transparent gelatinous substance that fills the eyeball between the retina and lens |
| retina | the back portion of the eye containing nerve fibers connected to the optic nerve |
| optic nerve | carries the information back to the brain |
| visual acuity | the ability to see fine details; usually measured with the Snellen chart |
| Snellen chart | used in determining visual acuity, consists of two rows of letters or E arranged in different positions |
| functional vision assessment | involves observing the student interacting in different environments, under different lighting conditions to see how well the student can identify objects and perform various tasks |
| refraction | the bending of light rays as they pass through the various structures of the eye |
| myopia | nearsightedness |
| hyperopia | farsightedness |
| astigmatism | blurred vision |
| Glaucoma | due to excessive pressure in the eyeball, unknown causes if untreated can cause blindness |
| cataracts | a condition caused by clouding of the lens of the eye affects color vision and distance vision |
| diabetic retinopathy | a condition that results from interference with the blood supply to the retina |
| cortical visual impairment (CVI) | a poorly understood childhood condition that apparently involves dysfunction in the visual ; characterized by large day to day variations in visual ability |
| retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) | a condition resulting from administration of an excessive concentration of oxygen at birth causes scar tissue to form behind the lens of the eye |
| Optic nerve hypoplasia (ONH) | a condition resulting in underdevelopment of the optic nerve often accompanied by brain abnormalities |
| retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) | a condition resulting from administration of an excessive concentration of oxygen at birth causes scar tissue to form behind the lens of the eye |
| tunnel vision | narrow field of vision |
| Optic nerve hypoplasia (ONH) | a condition resulting in underdevelopment of the optic nerve often accompanied by brain abnormalities |
| night blindness | affecting the ability to see in low light |
| retinitis pigmentosa | is a hereditary condition that results in degeneration of the retina |
| strabismus | a condition in which one or both eyes are directed inward (crossed eyes) or outward. if left untreated it can lead to blindness |
| Nystagmus | is a condition in which rapid involuntary movements of the eyes occur usually resulting in dizziness or nausea |
| tunnel vision | narrow field of vision |
| cognitive mapping | people who are blind can learn to make mental spatial representation of their environment |
| night blindness | affecting the ability to see in low light |
| obstacle sense | some individuals who are blind when walking along the street, seem to sense objects in their path |
| strabismus | a condition in which one or both eyes are directed inward (crossed eyes) or outward. if left untreated it can lead to blindness |
| echolocation | the ability to detect objects in the environment by auditory echo's created |
| Nystagmus | is a condition in which rapid involuntary movements of the eyes occur usually resulting in dizziness or nausea |
| phonological awareness | the ability to understand the speech flow can be broken into smaller sound units such as words, syllables and phonemes |
| Orientation and mobility (O and M) | skills refer to the ability to have a sense of where one is in relation to other people |
| stereotypic behaviors | repetitive, stereotypes movements such as body rocking, poking or rubbing eyes, repetitive hand movements and grimacing |
| cognitive mapping | people who are blind can learn to make mental spatial representation of their environment |
| expanded core curriculum (ECC) | developed for students with blindness or low vision, functional skills and competencies students with visual impairments need beyond the academic competencies for sighted students int he conventional curriculum |
| obstacle sense | some individuals who are blind when walking along the street, seem to sense objects in their path |
| unified English braille (UEB) | a combination of literary braille and braille codes for technical fields, such as Nemeth code for science and mathematics not yet widely adopted |
| echolocation | the ability to detect objects in the environment by auditory echo's created |
| large print books | books having a font size that is larger than the usual 10-point type, a popular size for large print books is 18 point |
| phonological awareness | the ability to understand the speech flow can be broken into smaller sound units such as words, syllables and phonemes |
| magnifying devices | often recommended for people with low vision; can be close for vision or distance vision ( ex. handled magnifier) |
| stereotypic behaviors | repetitive, stereotypes movements such as body rocking, poking or rubbing eyes, repetitive hand movements and grimacing |
| long cane | a mobility aid used by individuals with visual impairment who sweep in a wide arc front of them (needs training to use) |
| expanded core curriculum (ECC) | developed for students with blindness or low vision, functional skills and competencies students with visual impairments need beyond the academic competencies for sighted students int he conventional curriculum |
| unified English braille (UEB) | a combination of literary braille and braille codes for technical fields, such as Nemeth code for science and mathematics not yet widely adopted |
| large print books | books having a font size that is larger than the usual 10-point type, a popular size for large print books is 18 point |
| magnifying devices | often recommended for people with low vision; can be close for vision or distance vision ( ex. handled magnifier) |
| long cane | a mobility aid used by individuals with visual impairment who sweep in a wide arc front of them (needs training to use) |
| tactile maps | embossed representations of the environment ( raised symbols on a map |
| braille notetakers | the users enter information with a braille keyboard and can transfer the information into a larger computer and put it into speech or braille |
| NFB Newsline | a free service available through NFB that allows individuals o access magazines and news papers |
| Descriptive video service | inserts a narrated description of key visual features of programs on television |
| screen readers | can magnify information on the screen, convert on screen text to speech or do both |
| Itinerant teacher service | a vision teacher visits several different schools to work with students in their gen ed classrooms |
| accessible pedestrian signals (APS) | alert people who are blind when its safe to walk across intersections |
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