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Chronic Diseases
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Foundations of Disease | The human body works continuously to maintain homeostasis. When this balance is disrupted, disease occurs. |
| Common causes of disease include: | Genetic disorders Infections Nutritional deficiencies Environmental hazards Degenerative conditions Trauma or injury |
| Signs | are measurable. Signs → fever, rash, abnormal pulse Case Example: A pneumonia patient has a fever (sign) and chest pain (symptom). |
| Symptoms | are reported by the patient. Symptoms → pain, nausea, dizziness Case Example: A pneumonia patient has a fever (sign) and chest pain (symptom). |
| Cells change | in response to stress. When these changes become abnormal, disease may develop |
| Types Cellular Abnormal Growth | Atrophy – cells shrink Hypertrophy – cells enlarge Hyperplasia – increased cell number Metaplasia – cell type changes Neoplasia – uncontrolled cell growth |
| The body defends itself using: | First line — skin, tears, mucous membranes Second line — fever, inflammation Third line — adaptive immunity (antibodie |
| Types of immunity: | Natural (present at birth) Acquired active (infection or vaccine) Acquired passive (maternal antibodies) |
| Classifying Disease Diseases are commonly grouped into: | Infectious diseases Degenerative diseases Nutritional disorders Metabolic conditions Immune disorders Neoplasms Mental/psychiatric conditions |
| Epidemiology & Infection Control Common Terms; | Incidence → new cases Prevalence → all existing cases Endemic → consistently present Epidemic → sudden increase Pandemic → global spread |
| Epidemiology & Infection Control CCMA Application | Reinforce handwashing, PPE, vaccinations, and isolation when appropriate. |
| Diagnostics & POCT | CCMAs support diagnostic testing by collecting specimens and performing simple tests such as glucose, strep, urine dip, and EKG setup. Important: CCMAs do NOT diagnose or interpret results |
| Treatment options include: | Medication Surgery Therapies (PT/OT/RT) Lifestyle modification Nutritional planning Mental health support |
| Prevention includes: | vaccines, screenings, hygiene, early lifestyle changes. |
| Microorganisms in Practice Common pathogens: | Bacteria Viruses Fungi Protozoa Helminths (worms) Arthropods (lice, mites) |
| Microorganisms in Practice CCMA Role: | Follow strict hygiene and accurate specimen collection. |
| A ________ is an abnormal condition affecting the structure or function of an organ, tissue, or entire system. | disease |
| Diseases may 3 types of (length ) | be acute (short-term), chronic (long-term), or subacute (intermediate) |
| Infectious Diseases | Caused by pathogens such as bacteria,viruses, or parasite |
| Dengenerative Diseases | Result from tissue deterioration over time |
| Nutritional Diseases | Due to deficiencies or imbalances in diet |
| Immune Disorders | caused by dysfunctional immunedefense mechanism |
| Metabolic Disorders | Involve chemical imbalances affecting body processes |
| Neoplasms | Abnormal and uncontrolled cell growth forming tumors |
| Psychiatric Disorders | Impact mental health and cognitive functioN |
| Medication-Induced Secondary Disease: | EX. long-term NSAID use illustrates how chronic medication use can trigger secondary diseases,impacting multiple organs and physiological systems |
| How Diseases and Disorders Relate to Anatomy & Physiology Homeostasis & System Interdependence | All systems are interconnected. A change in one system can influence many others |
| How Diseases and Disorders Relate to Anatomy & Physiology Muscular & Skeletal Systems | Enable movement; if muscles weaken due to a neuromuscular disorder, mobility and circulation are affected |
| How Diseases and Disorders Relate to Anatomy & Physiology Nervous & Sensory Systems | Detect environmental changes and initiate responses. For example, a stroke may damage motor neurons, disrupting sensation and movement |
| How Diseases and Disorders Relate to Anatomy & Physiology Cardiovascular & Respiratory Systems | Work together to deliver oxygen to tissues; respiratory infections that reduce oxygen intake increase cardiac stress |
| How Diseases and Disorders Relate to Anatomy & Physiology Endocrine System | Produces hormones that regulate metabolism, growth, and reproduction; thyroid disease can alter cardiovascular function, metabolism, and mood |
| __________ refers to the cause or origin of a disease | Etiology |
| Causes of Disease (Etiology) commmon causes : Genetic abnormalities | inherited conditions like sickle cell anemia |
| Causes of Disease (Etiology) commmon causes : Developmental errors: | Spina bifida or congenital heart defects |
| Causes of Disease (Etiology) commmon causes :Infectious agents | Bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, or parasites |
| Causes of Disease (Etiology) commmon causes :Physical or chemical damage: | injuries from burns or toxin exposure |
| Causes of Disease (Etiology) commmon causes :Nutritional deficiencies: | lack of nutrients such as iron or vitamin D |
| Causes of Disease (Etiology) commmon causes :Environmental exposures | harmful effects from pollution and toxins |
| Causes of Disease (Etiology) commmon causes :Lifestyle factors | smoking, poor diet, and chronic stress impacting health |
| Key Patterns of Abnormal Cell Growth and Cancer : Atrophy | decrease in cell size, leading to tissue reduction |
| Key Patterns of Abnormal Cell Growth and Cancer : Hypertrophy | increase in cell size, enlarging tissue mass |
| Key Patterns of Abnormal Cell Growth and Cancer : Hyperplasia | increased cell number, causing tissue thickening |
| Key Patterns of Abnormal Cell Growth and Cancer : Metaplasia | replacement of one cell type by another abnormal type |
| Key Patterns of Abnormal Cell Growth and Cancer :Neoplasia | uncontrolled and abnormal cell growth forming tumors |
| Key Patterns of Abnormal Cell Growth and Cancer : Benign Tumors | slow-growing, localized masses without invasion |
| Key Patterns of Abnormal Cell Growth and Cancer : Malignant Tumors | invasive growths that spread through metastasis |
| Pathology | Studies disease mechanisms and tissue changes to reveal the biological basis of illnes |
| Diagnosis | Identifying a disease using symptoms, signs, tests, and imaging |
| Prognosis | Predicts disease progression and outcomes based on patient health status and treatment response |
| Treatment | Includes medications, surgery, therapies, counseling, and complementary methods tailored to individual needs |
| Understanding Disease: Pathology to Treatment | Pathology -> Diagnosis -> Prognosis -> Treatment |
| Treatment and Management : Medication | Antibiotics, Antivirals, Antihypertensives |
| Treatment and Management : Surgery | Tumor removal or organ repair |
| Treatment and Management : Therapies | Physical ,Occupational ,Respiratory, Nutritiona |
| Treatment and Management : Contemporary Approaches | Yoga Acupuncture Massage to reduce stress & improve wellness |
| Healthy behaviors reduce disease risk: | balanced diet, regular exercise, weight management, avoiding smoking, stress control, and vaccinations |
| Public health agencies | like the CDC and WHO lead global monitoring, prevention, and education initiatives |
| Chronic diseases | such as heart disease, cancer, stroke, and diabetes, are defined broadly as conditions that last 1 year or more and require ongoing medical attention or limit daily living activities or both. |
| TRUE OR FALSE Chronic diseases such as heart disease, cancer, stroke, and diabetes are the leading causes of death and disability in the United States | TRUE |
| The Allied Health Professional is offering a patient education on the two types of strokes. The Allied Health Professional fully explains the two types of strokes as: | There are two types of strokes: Ischemic and Hemorrhagic. |
| A hemorrhagic stroke | occurs when a blood vessel in the brain leaks or rupture |
| An ischemic stroke . | occurs when a blood clot or narrowing of an artery block, or severely reduces, blood flow to the brain |
| A 73-year-old patient visits an emergency room with signs and symptoms of a stroke. The Allied Health professional knows that signs and symptoms of a stroke includes (Select all that apply): | Sudden numbness or weakness in the face, arm, or leg Sudden confusion, trouble speaking, or difficulty understanding speech Sudden trouble seeing in one or both eyes Sudden trouble walking, dizziness, loss of balance, or lack of coordination |
| What is a lifestyle modification treatment option for hypertension? | Lifestyle changes such as diet and exercise Physical activity Quit smoking or don’t smoke Maintain a healthy weight Manage stress |
| A 55-year-old man visits primary care for a diabetes mellitus checkup. The patient’s laboratory results reveal an A1C of 9. The Allied Health Professional offers common complications of diabetes if uncontrolled or left untreated. These include | Cardiovascular disease Nerve damage Kidney disease Eye damage such as diabetic retinopathy or Macular degeneration Increased risk of skin problems and/or infection |
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