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reproductive path
reproductive system pathology terms
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| azoospermia | Condition of no living sperm in the semen |
| balanitis | inflammation of the glans penis |
| balanoposthitis | inflammation of the glans penis and foreskin |
| benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) | Abnormal enlargement of the prostate gland surrounding the urethra, leading to difficulty with urination |
| benign prostatic hypertrophy and enlarged prostate | other terms for benign prostatic hyperplasia |
| epididymitis | inflammation of the epididymis, usually as a result of an ascending infection through the genitourinary tract |
| erectile dysfunction (ED) | inability to achieve or sustain a penile erection for sexual intercourse. Also known as impotence. |
| hydrocele | accumulation of fluid in the tunica vaginalis testis. if the sac is still open it is called "communicating"; if the sac has already closed it is called "noncommunicating" |
| induration penis plastica | A hardening of the corpus cavernosa of the penis that can cause painful erections. idiopathic in nature, also called "Peyronie's disease". |
| oligospermia | condition of temporary or permanent deficiency of sperm in the seminal fluid; related to azoospermia |
| orchitis | inflammation of the testicles; may or may not be associated with the mumps virus. also known as "testitis" |
| phimosis | condition of tightening of the prepuce around the glans penis so that the foreskin cannot be retracted. May also be congenital |
| priapism | an abnormally prolonged erection |
| prostatitis | inflammation of the prostate gland |
| spermatocele of epididymis | a swelling of the epididymis that contains sperm. also called a "spermatic cyst", usually painless |
| testicular torsion | twisting of a testicle on its spermatic cord, usually caused by trauma. may lead to ischemia of the testicle. also called "torsion of testis" |
| vesiculitis | inflammation of a seminal vesicle, usually associated with prostatitis |
| venereal disease | another term for STD |
| gonorrhea | disease caused by the gram-negative diplococcus Neisseria gonorrhoeae bacterium (Gc), which manifests itself as inflammation of the urethra, prostate, rectum, or pharynx |
| herpes genitalis (herpes simplex virus, HSV-2) | form of the herpesvirus transmitted through sexual contact, causing recurring painful vesicular eruptions |
| human papillomavirus (HPV) | virus that causes common warts of the hands and feet and lesions of the mucous membranes of the oral, anal, and genital cavities. |
| condyloma | a genital wart |
| nongonococcal urethritis (NGU) | inflammation of the urethra caused by chlamydia, trachomatis, mycoplasma genitalium, or Ureaplasma urealyticum |
| syphilis | multistage STD caused by the spirochete Treponema pallidum. A highly infectious "chancre", a painless red ulcer, appears in the first stage, usually on the genitals. diagnosed with a vdrl test and/or an fta-abs test |
| balanoplasty | surgically correcting a defect of the glans penis. |
| circumcision | surgical procedure in which the prepuce of the penis is excised |
| epididymotomy | incision of the epididymis to drain a cyst |
| epididymovesiculography | imaging of the epididymis and seminal vesicle using a contrast medium |
| orchidectomy | cutting out part or all of one or both testicles, usually for removal of a tumor or cyst. also called orchectomy and orchiectomy |
| orchiopexy | surgical procedure to mobilize an undescended testicle, attaching it to the scrotum. usually performed to correct a congenital condition |
| phalloplasty | surgically correcting a defect of the penis. usually performed to correct a congenital condition |
| prostatectomy | removal of the prostate gland. |
| transurethral resection of the prostate; TUR; TURP | cutting out the prostate in sections through a urethral approach. most common prostatectomy. |
| transurethral incision of the prostate; TUIP | form of prostate surgery involving tiny incisions of the prostate. the prostate is not removed. minimally invasive surgery |
| transurethral microwave thermotherapy; TUMT | minimally invasive procedure to destroy excess prostatic tissue with heat. |
| vasovasostomy | anastomosis of the ends of the vas deferens as a means of reconnecting them to reverse the sterilization procedure |
| vasectomy | incision, litigation, and cauterization of both of the vas deferens for the purpose of male sterilization |
| vasoligation | a tying of the vas deferens as a sterilization procedure |
| vesiculectomy | cutting out the seminal vesicle |
| benign mammary dysplasia | any noncancerous, abnormal formation of breast tissue |
| galactorrhea | an abnormal discharge of milk from the breasts |
| gynecomastia | enlargement of either unilateral or bilateral breast tissue in the male |
| mastodynia | breast pain. may be cyclical (associated with menstruation) or non cyclical, also called mastalgia |
| mastoptosis | downward displacement of the breasts. also referred to as ptosis of the breast |
| bartholinitits | inflammation of a Bartholin's gland |
| cervicitits | inflammation of a cervix |
| female pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) | a general term that usually refers to a bacterial infection of the uterus, fallopian tubes, and/or ovaries |
| oophoritis | inflammation of an ovary |
| salpingitis | inflammation of the fallopian tubes |
| vulvitis | inflammation of the external female genitalia |
| amenorrhea | lack of menstrual flow, this is a normal, expected condition before puberty, after menopause, and during pregnancy |
| cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) I and II | precancerous changes in the tissue lining the cervix. measured in grades to indicate the degree of change away from normal formation |
| cystocele | herniation of the urinary bladder into the vagina |
| dysfunctional uterine bleeding (DUB) | abnormal uterine bleeding not caused by a tumor, inflammation, or pregnancy |
| dysmenorrhea | painful menstrual flow, cramps |
| dyspareunia | painful intercourse |
| endometrial hyperplasia | an excessive development of cells in the lining of the uterus; this condition is benign but can become malignant |
| endometriosis | condition in which the tissue that makes up the lining of the uterus, the endometrium, is found ectopically (outside of the uterus). causes are unknown |
| hematosalpinx | condition of blood in the fallopian tubes |
| hysteroptosis | falling or sliding of the uterus from its normal location in the body. also called uterine prolapse |
| menometrorrhagia | both excessive menstrual flow and uterine bleeding other than that caused by menstruation |
| menorrhagia | abnormally heavy or prolonged menstrual period; may be an indication of fibroids |
| metrorrhagia | uterine bleeding other than that caused by menstruation. may be caused by uterine lesions |
| mittelschmerz | pain during ovulation; midcycle pain |
| oligomenorrhea | abnormally light or infrequent menstrual flow |
| ovaria cyst | benign, fluid-filled sac. can be either a follicular cyst, which occurs when a follicle does not rupture at ovulation, or a cyst of the corpus luteum, caused when it does not continue its transformation |
| polymenorrhea | abnormally frequent menstrual flow. frequency is less than 21 days per cycle |
| postmenopausal bleeding (PMB) | dysfunctional uterine bleeding (DUB) after menopause. may be due to fibroids or cancer |
| premenstrual tension syndrome (PMS) | poorly understood group of symptoms that occur in some women on a cyclic basis: breast pain, irritability, fluid retention, headache, and lack of coordination are some of the symptoms |
| rectocele | a protrusion of the rectum into the vagina |
| retroflexion of uterus | condition in which the fundus of the uterus is bent backward, forming an angle with the cervix. retroversion is when the entire uterus is bent backward |
| vulvodynia | idiopathic syndrome of nonspecific complaints of pain of the vulva |
| cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) III | also termed "cervical dysplasia", this abnormal cell growth may or may not develop into cancer. grade III is the most severe. |
| fibroadenoma of the breast | noncancerous breast tumors composed of fibrous and glandular tissue |
| leiomyoma of the uterus | also termed "fibroids", these smooth muscle tumors of the uterus are usually nonpainful growths, which may be removed surgically |
| endometrial adenocarcinoma | by far the most common cancer of the uterus, this type develops from the cells that line the uterus |
| epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) | an inherited mutation of the BRCA 1 or BRCA 2 gene is linked to the risk of this malignancy and breast cancer |
| infiltrating ductal cancer (IDC) | the most common type of breast cancer, arises from the cells that line the milk ducts |
| leiomyosarcoma | a rare type of cancer of the smooth muscle of the uterus |
| lobular carcinoma | makes up about 15% of breast cancers. these tumors begin in the glandular tissue of the breast at the ends of the milk ducts |
| mature teratoma of the ovary | also termed "dermoid cysts" these usually noncancerous growths arise from germ cells |
| Paget's disease of the breast | a rare form of cancer, this malignancy of the nipple can occur in men and women |
| squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix | the most common type of cervical cancer. thought to be caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV), it is also one of the most curable cancers if detected in its early stage |
| cervicectomy | resection (removal) of the uterine cervix |
| clitoridectomy | removal of the clitoris. referred to as "female circumcision" in some cultures |
| colpopexy | fixation of the vagina to an adjacent structure to hold it in place |
| colpoplasty | surgical repair of the vagina |
| colposcopy | endoscopic procedure used for viewing the cervix and vagina. |
| colposcope | instrument used to view the cervix and vagina |
| culdoscopy | endoscopic procedure used for biopsy of Douglas' cul-de-sac. the instrument used is a culdoscope |
| dilation and curettage (D&C) | procedure involving widening (dilation) of the cervix until a curette, a sharp scraping tool, can be inserted to remove the lining of the uterus (curettage). |
| fimbrioplasty | surgical repair of the fimbria, usually to facilitate pregnancy |
| hymenotomy | incision of the hymen to enlarge the vaginal opening |
| hysterectomy | resection (removal) of the uterus; may be partial, pan-(all), or include other organs as well (e.g., total abdominal hysterectomy with a bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy) |
| hysteropexy | suspension and fixation of a prolapsed uterus |
| hysterosalpingography (HSG) | x-ray procedure in which contrast medium is used to image the uterus and fallopian tubes |
| hysterotracheloplasty | plastic surgery of the uterine cervix, usually for repair of a laceration. |
| loop electrocautery excision procedure (LEEP) | a procedure done to remove abnormal cells in cervical dysplasia |
| mammography | imaging technique (radiography) for the early detection of breast cancer. the record produces is called a "mammogram" |
| mammoplasty | surgical or cosmetic repair of the breast. Options may include augmentation, to increase the breast size, or reduction, to reduce the size of the breasts |
| mastectomy | removal of the breast; may be unilateral or bilateral |
| mastopexy | reconstructive procedure to lift and fixate the breasts |
| oophorectomy | removal of an ovary; may be unilateral or bilateral |
| pap smear | exfoliative cytology procedure useful for the detection of vaginal and cervical cancer |
| salpingectomy | removal of a fallopian tube, usually because of infection or an ectopic pregnancy |
| salpingolysis | removal of the adhesions in the fallopian tubes to reestablish patency, with the goal of fertility |
| tubal ligation | sterilization procedure in which the fallopian tubes are cut, ligated (tied), and cauterized to prevent released ova from being fertilized by sperm |
| uterine artery embolization (UAE) | injection of particles to block a uterine artery supplying blood to a fibroid with resultant death of fibroid tissue. also called "uterine fibroid embolization" |
| vaginotomy | an incision of the vagina. may be incidental (unintentional) during a cesarean section. also called a "colpotomy" |
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