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genetics unit
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| heredity | the biological process of passing physical or genetic traits from parents to their offspring. |
| trait | a specific, distinguishing quality or characteristic belonging to a person or thing, often inherited. |
| genetics | the study of genes and how traits are passed from parents to offspring. |
| fertilization | the fusion of male and female gametes to form a zygote. |
| purebred | an animal whose parents and ancestors all belong to the same breed. |
| gene | a segment of DNA that provides instructions for making proteins and determines specific traits |
| allele | An allele is an alternative version of a specific gene. |
| Dominant allele | a gene variant that expresses its trait in the phenotype even if only one copy is present. |
| recessive allele | a gene variant that only shows its trait when two copies are present. |
| hybrid | A hybrid is something made by combining two different elements. |
| punnett square | a grid diagram used to predict the possible genetic outcomes (genotypes and phenotypes) of offspring from two parents. |
| phenotype | the observable physical or behavioral trait of an organism, shaped by its genes and environment. |
| genotype | the specific genetic makeup or set of genes an organism inherits. |
| homozygous | having two identical versions (alleles) of the same gene, inherited from both parents |
| heterozygous | having two different versions (alleles) of a specific gene, one inherited from each parent. |
| incomplete dominance | a genetic pattern where two alleles blend to create a new, intermediate phenotype in heterozygous offspring. |
| codominance | a genetic scenario where both alleles in a heterozygote are fully expressed, resulting in an offspring that displays both traits simultaneously. |
| multiple alleles | three or more alternative forms of a single gene that exist within a population. |
| polygenic inheritance | the determination of a single trait by multiple genes working together, resulting in a range of continuous variations. |
| messenger RNA | a type of RNA molecule that carries genetic instructions from DNA to the ribosome for protein synthesis. |
| transfer RNA | a small RNA molecule that acts as an adaptor, delivering specific amino acids to the ribosome during protein synthesis. |
| mutation | a permanent change in an organism's DNA sequence. |
| sex chromosomes | specialized chromosomes (X and Y) that determine an individual's biological sex. |
| sex-linked gene | a gene located on a sex chromosome (X or Y) |
| carrier | a person, company, or thing that transports goods, people, or messages. |
| genetic disorder | a health condition caused by a mutation or change in an individual's DNA. |
| pedigree | a recorded chart of ancestry showing the family history or lineage of a person or animal. |
| karyotype | an organized profile of an individual’s full set of chromosomes, arranged by size and shape to identify genetic abnormalities. |
| selective breeding | the process of choosing parents with specific desirable traits to reproduce, resulting in offspring with those improved characteristics. |
| inbreeding | the breeding of closely related people or animals, especially over many generations. |
| hybridization | the merging of atomic orbitals to create new, equivalent hybrid orbitals for chemical bonding. |
| clone | an organism or cell produced to be an exact genetic copy of another |
| genetic engineering | the direct, laboratory-based manipulation of an organism's DNA to alter its characteristics. |
| gene therapy | an experimental technique that modifies or replaces faulty genes within a person's cells to treat or cure disease |
| genome | an organism's complete set of genetic instructions. |
| ethics | principles that guide behavior to determine what is right and wrong. |
| meiosis | a type of cell division that reduces the chromosome number by half to produce four genetically unique sex cells. |
| crossing over | the exchange of genetic material between paired homologous chromosomes during meiosis, creating new gene combinations. |
| zygote | a single cell formed by the union of a sperm and an egg. |
| gametes | mature sex cells (sperm or eggs) that unite during sexual reproduction to create a new, unique organism. |
| proteins synthesis | the cellular process of assembling amino acids into proteins based on DNA instructions. |
| autosomal chromosomes | are any of the numbered, non-sex chromosomes that exist in pairs and determine general genetic traits. |
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