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genetics
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Heredity | the biological process of passing physical and genetic traits |
| Trait | a specific, distinguishing quality, feature, or characteristic of an individual, organism, or object |
| Genetics | the study of genes and heredity |
| Fertilization | the specific moment when a male reproductive cell and a female reproductive cell join together to create a single new cell |
| Purebred | an organism that has two identical versions of a specific gene. |
| Gene | specific section of DNA that acts as a tiny instruction manual for your body. |
| Allele | specific version of a gene, while a gene is a section of DNA that controls a general trait, an allele is the specific instruction for that trait |
| Dominant allele | the "stronger" version of a gene that shows up even if you only have one copy of it |
| Recessive allele | the "hidden" version of a gene. It only shows up physically if you have two copies of it—one from each parent |
| Hybrid | an organism that has two different alleles for a specific trait. |
| Punnett square | a simple grid used to predict the possible genetic outcomes of a mating between two parents |
| Phenotype | the physical look or observable traits of an organism |
| Genotype | the unique genetic code or "set of instructions" found in your DNA |
| Homozygous | means having two identical alleles for a specific gene |
| Heterozygous | means having two different alleles for a specific gene |
| Incomplete dominance | a genetic "compromise" where neither allele is completely dominant |
| Codominance | a genetic scenario where both alleles for a gene are equally strong, so they both show up physically at the same time |
| Multiple alleles | a situation where a single gene has more than two possible versions within a population |
| Polygenic inheritance | a type of inheritance where a single physical trait is controlled by two or more different genes |
| Messenger RNA | a single-stranded molecule that carries genetic "messages" from your DNA to the protein-making factories of your cells, called ribosomes. |
| Transfer RNA | a small, L-shaped molecule that acts as a "bridge" or adaptor during protein synthesis |
| Mutation | permanent change in the DNA sequence of an organism |
| Sex chromosomes | specific pair of chromosomes that determine whether an individual is biologically male or female |
| Sex-linked gene | a gene located on one of the two sex chromosomes |
| Carrier | an individual who has inherited a recessive allele for a genetic trait or disease but does not display any symptoms of it |
| Genetic disorder | a health condition caused by an abnormality or "typo" in an organism's DNA |
| Pedigree | a visual diagram or "family tree" that tracks the inheritance of a specific genetic trait or disorder through multiple generations |
| Karyotype | an organized visual profile of all the chromosomes in a single cell of an organism |
| Selective breeding | the process where humans choose specific animals or plants to breed together to produce offspring with desirable traits |
| Inbreeding | the mating of closely related individuals, such as siblings or cousins |
| Hybridization | process of crossing two different individuals to create offspring with a mix of traits |
| Clone | an exact genetic copy of a biological entity |
| Genetic engineering | the direct manipulation of an organism's DNA using laboratory-based technologies |
| Gene therepy | a medical technique that treats or prevents disease by modifying a person's genetic material (DNA or RNA) |
| Genome | the complete set of genetic instructions found in a cell |
| Ethics | study of what is "right" and "wrong" when applying powerful technologies to living things |
| Meiosis | specialized type of cell division that reduces the number of chromosomes in a cell by half to create reproductive cells—sperm and eggs—known as gametes |
| Crossing Over | the "shuffling" of genetic material that happens during meiosis |
| Zygote | very first cell created when a sperm and an egg join together during fertilization. |
| Gametes | specialized reproductive cells—sperm in males and eggs in females |
| Protein Synthesis | the biological process by which cells build new proteins. |
| Autosomal Chromosomes | any of the numbered chromosomes that contain genes for general body characteristics, rather than those that determine biological sex. |
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