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Genetics Unit Vocabu
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Heredity | the biological process by which genetic information (DNA) is passed from parents to offspring, determining traits like appearance, health risks, and behavior. |
| Trait | a distinguishing quality or characteristic, especially one belonging to a pers |
| Genetics | the study of heredity and the variation of inherited characteristics. |
| Fertilization | the action or process of fertilizing an egg, female animal, or plant, involving the fusion of male and female gametes to form a zygote. |
| Purebred | an animal bred from parents of the same breed or variet |
| Gene | the basic physical and functional unit of heredity, composed of specific DNA sequences located on chromosomes within a cell's nucleus. |
| Allele | one of two or more alternative versions of a gene or DNA sequence at a specific genomic location. |
| Dominant allele | a variant of a gene that expresses its associated trait in the phenotype (physical appearance) even when only one copy is present |
| Recessive allele | a version of a gene that only expresses its associated phenotype when an individual inherits two copies of it (homozygous), one from each parent. |
| Hybrid | the offspring of two plants or animals of different species or varieties, such as a mule (a hybrid of a donkey and a horse). |
| Punnett square | a diagram used in genetics to predict the potential genotypes and physical traits (phenotypes) of offspring from a cross between two parents. |
| Phenotype | the set of observable characteristics of an individual resulting from the interaction of its genotype with the environment. |
| Genotype | the specific genetic makeup or DNA sequence of an organism, representing the particular set of genes or alleles it carries |
| Homozygou | a genetic condition where an individual inherits two identical versions (alleles) of a specific gene, one from each biological parent. |
| Heterozygous | having two different alleles of a particular gene or genes. |
| Incomplete dominance | a form of genetic inheritance where neither allele is completely dominant, resulting in a heterozygous offspring with an intermediate or blended phenotype |
| Codominance | a genetic inheritance pattern where two different alleles for a gene are both fully and simultaneously expressed in a heterozygous individual's phenotype. |
| Multiple alleles | a pattern of inheritance where three or more alternative forms of a specific gene (alleles) exist within a population, rather than just the standard two. |
| Polygenic inheritance | a form of genetic inheritance where a single phenotypic trait or characteristic is controlled by the interaction of two or more genes. |
| Messenger RNA | is a single-stranded molecule of RNA that carries genetic instructions from DNA in the nucleus to the cytoplasm. |
| Transfer RNA | a small RNA molecule—typically 76 to 90 nucleotides—that acts as an adaptor, linking specific amino acids to messenger RNA (mRNA) sequences during protein synthesis. |
| Mutation | a permanent alteration in the DNA sequence of an organism, virus, or extrachromosomal DNA, acting as the ultimate source of all genetic variation |
| Sex chromosome | a specialized pair of chromosomes (X and Y in humans and many animals) that determine an organism's biological sex by influencing the development of reproductive organs and secondary sex characteristics. |
| Sex-linked gene | a gene located on one of the sex chromosomes (X or Y) that determines an organism's sex. |
| Carrier | a person or company that undertakes the professional conveyance of goods or people. |
| Genetic disorder | a health condition caused by abnormalities or changes (mutations) in an individual’s DNA, genes, or chromosomes. |
| Pedigree | the record of descent of an animal, showing it to be purebred. |
| Karyotype | a visual, organized profile of an individual's complete set of chromosomes, arranged by size, shape, and banding pattern from a micrograph. |
| Selective breeding | the process by which humans deliberately choose specific plants or animals with desirable, inherited traits to reproduce, aiming to enhance or pass on those characteristics to the next generation. |
| Inbreeding | the breeding of closely related people or animals, especially over many generations. |
| Hybridization | The resulting hybrid orbitals are degenerate, meaning they have equal energy and shape. |
| Clone | an organism or cell, or group of organisms or cells, produced asexually from one ancestor or stock, to which they are genetically identical. |
| Genetic engineering | the direct manipulation of an organism's DNA using biotechnology to alter its characteristics. |
| Gene therepy | an experimental technique that treats or prevents disease by adding, replacing, or repairing genetic material (DNA or RNA) within a patient's cells. |
| Genome | the complete set of genetic instructions (DNA, or RNA in some viruses) containing all the information required for an organism to develop, function, and reproduce. |
| Ethics | moral principles that govern a person's behavior or the conducting of an activity. |
| Meiosis | a specialized type of cell division in sexually reproducing organisms that reduces the chromosome number by half, producing four genetically diverse haploid gametes (sperm or egg cells) from a single diploid parent cell. |
| Crossing Over | a biological process during meiosis where homologous chromosomes pair up and exchange segments of genetic material, creating new combinations of genes. |
| Zygote | the initial single cell formed when a sperm fertilizes an egg |
| Gametes | specialized haploid reproductive cells (sex cells)—sperm in males and eggs (ova) in females—that contain a single set of chromosomes. |
| Protein Synthesis | the biological process by which individual cells build specific proteins. |
| Autosomal Chromosomes | any of the numbered, non-sex chromosomes (1-22 in humans) that appear in pairs within somatic cells. |
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